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Streptococcus

autism

Streptococcus looks like a credible signal in autism, though some caution is still warranted.

Streptococcus shows a strong literature footprint in autism, with substantial central evidence and broader supporting literature.

streptococcus
Credibility score
66
Human translation
3/5
Reproducibility
4/5
Novelty
2/5
Actionability
3/5
Credibility 66Human translation 3/5Reproducibility 4/5Novelty 2/5Actionability 3/5
Why this scores the way it does
  • strong central evidence base
  • dense review literature
  • substantial preclinical support
Main caveats
  • directionality and confounding still require curated review

Primary central evidence

19 papers
Rapid Assessment of Microbiota Changes in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Bacteria-derived Membrane Vesicles in Urine.
2017
Experimental neurobiology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Alterations of oral microbiota distinguish children with autism spectrum disorders from healthy controls.
2018
Scientific reports
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Analysis of gut microbiota profiles and microbe-disease associations in children with autism spectrum disorders in China.
2018
Scientific reports
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Sex-specific maternofetal innate immune responses triggered by group B Streptococci.
2019
Scientific reports
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
[Correlation between gut microbiota and behavior symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder].
2019
Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Associated With Altered Production of Short Chain Fatty Acids in Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders.
2020
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Virulence factor-related gut microbiota genes and immunoglobulin A levels as novel markers for machine learning-based classification of autism spectrum disorder.
2021
Computational and structural biotechnology journal
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Comparison of gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorders and neurotypical boys in China: A case-control study.
2021
Synthetic and systems biotechnology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Bacteroides-dominant gut microbiome of late infancy is associated with enhanced neurodevelopment.
2021
Gut microbes
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Different Alterations in Gut Microbiota between Bifidobacterium longum and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Treatments in Propionic Acid Rat Model of Autism.
2022
Nutrients
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Implications of oral streptococcal bacteriophages in autism spectrum disorder.
2022
NPJ biofilms and microbiomes
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Associations between dysbiosis gut microbiota and changes of neurotransmitters and short-chain fatty acids in valproic acid model rats.
2023
Frontiers in physiology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut microbiota signature in children with autism spectrum disorder who suffered from chronic gastrointestinal symptoms.
2023
BMC pediatrics
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Ethanol-Producing Enterocloster bolteae Is Enriched in Chronic Hepatitis B-Associated Gut Dysbiosis: A Case-Control Culturomics Study.
2023
Microorganisms
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
The assessment of microbial infection in children with autism spectrum disorders and genetic folate cycle deficiency.
2024
BMC pediatrics
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Precision synbiotics increase gut microbiome diversity and improve gastrointestinal symptoms in a pilot open-label study for autism spectrum disorder.
2024
mSystems
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Long-term risk of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence following neonatal invasive group B Streptococcus disease-A Danish cohort study.
2025
The Journal of infection
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Synbiotics of encapsulated Limosilactobacillus fermentum K73 promotes in vitro favorable gut microbiota shifts and enhances short-chain fatty acid production in fecal samples of children with autism spectrum disorder.
2025
Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Caries influences the composition of oral microorganisms in male children with ASD.
2025
Microbial pathogenesis
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.

Preclinical supporting evidence

10 papers
The Alteration of Salivary Immunoglobulin A in Autism Spectrum Disorders.
2021
Frontiers in psychiatry
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Tongue microbiome in children with autism spectrum disorder.
2021
Journal of oral microbiology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Androgens Upregulate Pathogen-Induced Placental Innate Immune Response.
2022
International journal of molecular sciences
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Autism Risk and Perinatal Antibiotic Use.
2022
Pediatrics
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Risk of Major Mental Disorder after Severe Bacterial Infections in Children and Adolescents: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study.
2022
Neuropsychobiology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Gut microbial and clinical characteristics of individuals with autism spectrum disorder differ depending on the ecological structure of the gut microbiome.
2024
Psychiatry research
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Assessment of dental and periodontal indices and Streptococcus mutans virulence in fragile X syndrome patients.
2024
Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
IL-1 Blockade Mitigates Autism and Cerebral Palsy Traits in Offspring In-Utero Exposed to Group B Streptococcus Chorioamnionitis.
2024
International journal of molecular sciences
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Restricted fetal blood brain barrier permeability in a preclinical model of autism induced by Group B Streptococcus maternal immune activation.
2025
Journal of developmental origins of health and disease
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Gut Microbiome Mediates the Causal Link Between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Dietary Preferences: A Mendelian Randomization Study.
2026
International journal of molecular sciences
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.

Review supporting evidence

19 papers
Role for antibodies in altering behavior and movement.
2010
Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Immune-mediated animal models of Tourette syndrome.
2013
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The role of immune mechanisms in Tourette syndrome.
2015
Brain research
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Aluminum in vaccines: Does it create a safety problem?
2018
Vaccine
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Neuropsychiatric consequences of childhood group A streptococcal infection: A systematic review of preclinical models.
2020
Brain, behavior, and immunity
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Role of Gut Microbiota in Gastrointestinal Symptoms of Children with ASD.
2019
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
An approach to gut microbiota profile in children with autism spectrum disorder.
2020
Environmental microbiology reports
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Challenges in the diagnosis and management of Granulicatella elegans endocarditis in a 9-year-old child.
2021
BMJ case reports
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
A Meta-analysis of Gut Microbiota in Children with Autism.
2022
Journal of autism and developmental disorders
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Back to the Future: The Role of Infections in Psychopathology. Focus on OCD.
2022
Clinical neuropsychiatry
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Exercise Changes Gut Microbiota: A New Idea to Explain that Exercise Improves Autism.
2023
International journal of sports medicine
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Genus-Level Analysis of Gut Microbiota in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Mini Review.
2023
Children (Basel, Switzerland)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Sex-Specific Dysconnective Brain Injuries and Neuropsychiatric Conditions such as Autism Spectrum Disorder Caused by Group B Streptococcus-Induced Chorioamnionitis.
2023
International journal of molecular sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Microbiota in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review.
2023
International journal of molecular sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Microbes and Mental Illness: Past, Present, and Future.
2023
Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Early-Life Microbiome and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
2026
Current neuropharmacology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Perturbations in gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review.
2025
Frontiers in neuroscience
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Oral microbiome dysbiosis in autism spectrum disorder: the oral-gut-brain axis and future perspectives: a narrative review.
2026
Frontiers in microbiology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis, its risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.
2026
The Lancet. Neurology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.