preclinical_heavy
Preclinical evidence exceeds central human evidence. Interpret translational relevance cautiously.
fulltophigh inflation risk
Richness
type 2 diabetes
Richness has meaningful literature visibility in type 2 diabetes, but the current evidence mix suggests a substantial risk of overclaiming.
Richness shows a strong literature footprint in type 2 diabetes, with substantial central evidence and broader supporting literature.
richness
Credibility score
60
Human translation
2/5
Reproducibility
4/5
Novelty
2/5
Actionability
4/5
Credibility 60Human translation 2/5Reproducibility 4/5Novelty 2/5Actionability 4/5
Why this scores the way it does
- strong central evidence base
- substantial preclinical support
Main caveats
- preclinical evidence outweighs human evidence
Internal review flags
1 flagsPrimary central evidence
18 papersUnderstanding the gut-kidney axis among biopsy-proven diabetic nephropathy, type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthy controls: an analysis of the gut microbiota composition.
2019Acta diabetologica
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Erythrocyte n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Gut Microbiota, and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study.
2020Diabetes care
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Characteristics of the intestinal flora in patients with peripheral neuropathy associated with type 2 diabetes.
2020The Journal of international medical research
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Alterations of Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes Individuals and the Confounding Effect of Antidiabetic Agents.
2020Journal of diabetes research
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Trans-ethnic gut microbiota signatures of type 2 diabetes in Denmark and India.
2021Genome medicine
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
[Correlation analysis between type 2 diabetes and core gut microbiota].
2021Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
The gut microbiome in pancreatogenic diabetes differs from that of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
2021Scientific reports
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Alterations in the Gut Virome in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
2021Gastroenterology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Association of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes With Gut Microbial Diversity: A Microbiome-Wide Analysis From Population Studies.
2021JAMA network open
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
A Changed Gut Microbiota Diversity Is Associated With Metabolic Improvements After Duodenal Mucosal Resurfacing With Glucagon-Like-Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist in Type 2 Diabetes in a Pilot Study.
2022Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Alterations in the gut virome are associated with type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy.
2023Gut microbes
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Effects of Shenlian formula on microbiota and inflammatory cytokines in adults with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind randomized clinical trial.
2023Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut microbiome profile of Chinese hypertension patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2023BMC microbiology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Functional alterations and predictive capacity of gut microbiome in type 2 diabetes.
2023Scientific reports
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Effect of oral metformin on gut microbiota characteristics and metabolite fractions in normal-weight type 2 diabetic mellitus patients.
2024Frontiers in endocrinology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Bacterial and clinical metabolic signatures and their interactions in obese patients post-bariatric surgery.
2024BMC gastroenterology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Development and validation of prediction models for stroke and myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetes based on health insurance claims: does machine learning outperform traditional regression approaches?
2025Cardiovascular diabetology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Modulation of gut microbiota by the herbal formulation Intestinal Flora Balance rescues pancreatic and intestinal microvascular dysfunction to alleviate type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2026Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Supporting primary evidence
1 papersOral microbiota in periodontitis patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus and their shifts after the nonsurgical periodontal therapy.
2023Heliyon
Human primary paper with plausible association relevance to the disease context.
Preclinical supporting evidence
20 papersAkkermansia muciniphila and improved metabolic health during a dietary intervention in obesity: relationship with gut microbiome richness and ecology.
2016Gut
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Astragalus alters gut-microbiota composition in type 2 diabetes mice: clues to its pharmacology.
2019Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Relationship between alterations of urinary microbiota and cultured negative lower urinary tract symptoms in female type 2 diabetes patients.
2019BMC urology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Development and First Use of the Patient's Qualitative Assessment of Treatment (PQAT) Questionnaire in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus to Explore Individualised Benefit-Harm of Drugs Received During Clinical Studies.
2020Drug safety
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Corni Fructus as a Natural Resource Can Treat Type 2 Diabetes by Regulating Gut Microbiota.
2020The American journal of Chinese medicine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Berberine alleviates type 2 diabetic symptoms by altering gut microbiota and reducing aromatic amino acids.
2020Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Imidazole propionate is increased in diabetes and associated with dietary patterns and altered microbial ecology.
2020Nature communications
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Association between inflammation, lipopolysaccharide binding protein, and gut microbiota composition in a New Hampshire Bhutanese refugee population with a high burden of type 2 diabetes.
2022Frontiers in nutrition
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Alterations of the gut microbiota in type 2 diabetics with or without subclinical hypothyroidism.
2023PeerJ
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Microbiota dysbiosis associated with type 2 diabetes-like effects caused by chronic exposure to a mixture of chlorinated persistent organic pollutants in zebrafish.
2023Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Enhanced interactions among gut mycobiomes with the deterioration of glycemic control.
2024Med (New York, N.Y.)
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Metformin-induced changes in the gut microbiome and plasma metabolome are associated with cognition in men.
2024Metabolism: clinical and experimental
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Mulberry polyphenols restored both small and large intestinal microflora in db/db mice, potentially alleviating type 2 diabetes.
2024Food & function
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Analysis of Intestinal Microbiota in Schizophrenic Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
2024Alpha psychiatry
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Intrahepatic levels of microbiome-derived hippurate associates with improved metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.
2025Molecular metabolism
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Impact of streptozotocin-induced type 1 and type 2 diabetes on ocular surface microbial signatures in C57BL/6J mice.
2025Experimental eye research
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Benefits of inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides on high fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus by regulating the gut microbiota in mice.
2025The Journal of nutritional biochemistry
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Combination of Rare Sugars L-arabinose, D-mannose, D-xylose, D-allulose, and D-tagatose Alleviates Cognitive Impairment in Mice with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
2025Molecular neurobiology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
p53 Modulates the Gut-Liver Axis via PI3K/AKT/Wnt Signaling Pathways in Type 2 Diabetes.
2025FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
1,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene alleviates cognitive dysfunction in type 2 diabetes model rats by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and restoring gut microbiota disorders.
2025Biochemical pharmacology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Review supporting evidence
7 papersIntestinal microbiota transplant - current state of knowledge.
2016Reumatologia
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Human Obesity: Impact of Bariatric Surgery.
2019Current obesity reports
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: a Future Therapeutic Option for Obesity/Diabetes?
2019Current diabetes reports
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Multi-target regulation of intestinal microbiota by berberine to improve type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2022Frontiers in endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Human milk oligosaccharides as prebiotics.
2023Pediatrics and neonatology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Incretin hormones, obesity and gut microbiota.
2024Peptides
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Food Additives' Impact on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review.
2024Cureus
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.