sparse_primary_supporting_bucket
Central evidence is high but primary supporting bucket is empty. Classification tiers may still be too coarse.
fulltoplow inflation risk
Propionate production
autism
Propionate production looks like a credible signal in autism, though some caution is still warranted.
Propionate production shows a strong literature footprint in autism, with substantial central evidence and broader supporting literature.
propionate_production
Credibility score
68
Human translation
3/5
Reproducibility
4/5
Novelty
2/5
Actionability
5/5
Credibility 68Human translation 3/5Reproducibility 4/5Novelty 2/5Actionability 5/5
Why this scores the way it does
- strong central evidence base
- dense review literature
- substantial preclinical support
Main caveats
- directionality and confounding still require curated review
Internal review flags
1 flagsPrimary central evidence
20 papersAutism in patients with propionic acidemia.
2016Molecular genetics and metabolism
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Rett Syndrome: A Focus on Gut Microbiota.
2017International journal of molecular sciences
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Autism spectrum disorders in propionic acidemia patients.
2018Journal of inherited metabolic disease
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut Microbiota Features in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders.
2018Frontiers in microbiology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Ameliorative effect of probiotics (Lactobacillus paracaseii and Protexin®) and prebiotics (propolis and bee pollen) on clindamycin and propionic acid-induced oxidative stress and altered gut microbiota in a rodent model of autism.
2019Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France)
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Functional analysis of gut microbiota and immunoinflammation in children with autism spectrum disorders.
2019Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Probiotics and fructo-oligosaccharide intervention modulate the microbiota-gut brain axis to improve autism spectrum reducing also the hyper-serotonergic state and the dopamine metabolism disorder.
2020Pharmacological research
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Comparison of gut microbiota between adults with autism spectrum disorder and obese adults.
2021PeerJ
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Comparison of serum anti-neuronal antibody levels in patients having autism spectrum disorder with and without regression.
2021The Turkish journal of pediatrics
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Different Alterations in Gut Microbiota between Bifidobacterium longum and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Treatments in Propionic Acid Rat Model of Autism.
2022Nutrients
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gastrointestinal symptoms have a minor impact on autism spectrum disorder and associations with gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids.
2022Frontiers in microbiology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Age and severity-dependent gut microbiota alterations in Tunisian children with autism spectrum disorder.
2023Scientific reports
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Altered Gut Microbiota and Short-chain Fatty Acids in Chinese Children with Constipated Autism Spectrum Disorder.
2023Scientific reports
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Intellectual disability and autism in propionic acidemia: a biomarker-behavioral investigation implicating dysregulated mitochondrial biology.
2024Molecular psychiatry
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Characterization of patients with major psychiatric disorders with AMPA receptor positron emission tomography.
2025Molecular psychiatry
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Lactobacillus reuteri or Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG intervention facilitates gut barrier function, decreases corticosterone and ameliorates social behavior in LPS-exposed offspring.
2024Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut microbiota metabolites, secretory immunoglobulin A and Bayley-III cognitive scores in children from the CHILD Cohort Study.
2025Brain, behavior, & immunity - health
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Synbiotic combination of 2'-fucosyllactose and Bifidobacterium mitigates neurodevelopmental disorders and ASD-like behaviors induced by valproic acid.
2025Food & function
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Synbiotics of encapsulated Limosilactobacillus fermentum K73 promotes in vitro favorable gut microbiota shifts and enhances short-chain fatty acid production in fecal samples of children with autism spectrum disorder.
2025Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut microbiota composition and phylogenetic analysis in autism spectrum disorder: a comparative study.
2025Frontiers in psychiatry
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Preclinical supporting evidence
12 papersNeuroligin-4 Regulates Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in Human Neurons.
2019Neuron
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Leaky gut biomarkers in casein- and gluten-rich diet fed rat model of autism.
2021Translational neuroscience
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Rare coding variants in ten genes confer substantial risk for schizophrenia.
2022Nature
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Developmental vitamin D-deficiency produces autism-relevant behaviours and gut-health associated alterations in a rat model.
2023Translational psychiatry
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Revealing the beneficial effects of a dairy infant formula on the gut microbiota of early childhood children with autistic spectrum disorder using static and SHIME® fermentation models.
2023Food & function
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Microbiota-indole 3-propionic acid-brain axis mediates abnormal synaptic pruning of hippocampal microglia and susceptibility to ASD in IUGR offspring.
2023Microbiome
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Characteristics of the Gut Microbiota in Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
2023Journal of integrative neuroscience
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
The gut metabolite indole-3-propionic acid activates ERK1 to restore social function and hippocampal inhibitory synaptic transmission in a 16p11.2 microdeletion mouse model.
2024Microbiome
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Dachaihu decoction ameliorates abnormal behavior by regulating gut microbiota in rats with propionic acid-induced autism.
2025Frontiers in microbiology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Mdga2 deficiency leads to an aberrant activation of BDNF/TrkB signaling that underlies autism-relevant synaptic and behavioral changes in mice.
2025PLoS biology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
The identification of metabolites from gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorder via network pharmacology.
2025Scientific reports
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Targeted fecal microbiota transplantation ameliorates autism-like behaviors via gut-brain axis and excitatory/inhibitory balance restoration in a propionic acid mouse model.
2026Brain, behavior, and immunity
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Review supporting evidence
16 papersAutism spectrum disorders and inborn errors of metabolism: an update.
2013Pediatric neurology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Autism: metabolism, mitochondria, and the microbiome.
2013Global advances in health and medicine
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
AMPA Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for Neurological Disorders.
2016Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Glutamatergic synapses in neurodevelopmental disorders.
2018Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
METABOLIC DYSBIOSIS OF THE GUT MICROBIOTA AND ITS BIOMARKERS.
2016Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia gastroenterologiia = Experimental & clinical gastroenterology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
[Progress of Researches on Mechanisms of Acupuncture Therapy in Regulating Brain Plasticity].
2018Zhen ci yan jiu = Acupuncture research
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Dysregulated Ca2+-Permeable AMPA Receptor Signaling in Neural Progenitors Modeling Fragile X Syndrome.
2019Frontiers in synaptic neuroscience
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Significance of GABAA Receptor for Cognitive Function and Hippocampal Pathology.
2021International journal of molecular sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Once upon a Time Oral Microbiota: A Cinderella or a Protagonist in Autism Spectrum Disorder?
2023Metabolites
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Altered Microbiota Composition in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comprehensive Literature Review.
2023International journal of molecular sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Roles of Epigenetics and Glial Cells in Drug-Induced Autism Spectrum Disorder.
2024Biomolecules
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Animal Models of Autistic-like Behavior in Rodents: A Scoping Review and Call for a Comprehensive Scoring System.
2024International journal of molecular sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Exploring pathological targets and advancing pharmacotherapy in autism spectrum disorder: Contributions of glial cells and heavy metals.
2025Histology and histopathology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Autism Spectrum Disorder, Oral Implications, and Oral Microbiota.
2025Children (Basel, Switzerland)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Rethinking Short-Chain Fatty Acids: A Closer Look at Propionate in Inflammation, Metabolism, and Mucosal Homeostasis.
2025Cells
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Short-chain fatty acids, neuroinflammation, and autism spectrum disorders: A mechanistic systematic review.
2026Journal of neuroimmunology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.