preclinical_heavy
Preclinical evidence exceeds central human evidence. Interpret translational relevance cautiously.
supportedtophigh inflation risk
Lactobacillus
type 2 diabetes
Lactobacillus has meaningful literature visibility in type 2 diabetes, but the current evidence mix suggests a substantial risk of overclaiming.
Lactobacillus shows a moderate evidence base in type 2 diabetes, with multiple central papers and additional supporting literature.
lactobacillus
Credibility score
62
Human translation
2/5
Reproducibility
5/5
Novelty
2/5
Actionability
3/5
Credibility 62Human translation 2/5Reproducibility 5/5Novelty 2/5Actionability 3/5
Why this scores the way it does
- moderate central evidence base
- dense review literature
- substantial preclinical support
Main caveats
- preclinical evidence outweighs human evidence
Internal review flags
2 flagsreview_heavy
Review literature is very dense relative to primary central evidence.
Primary central evidence
14 papersCross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity.
2013Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Microbiota engraftment after faecal microbiota transplantation in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, double-blind, randomised controlled trial.
2022Gut
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 ameliorates type 2 diabetes in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice in association with modulating the gut microbiota.
2021Food & function
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Influence of Lactobacillus paracasei HII01 Supplementation on Glycemia and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
2021Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Characteristics and Clinical Significance of Intestinal Microbiota in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Cirrhosis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
2022Journal of diabetes research
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Metagenomic shotgun sequencing and metabolomic profiling identify specific human gut microbiota associated with diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
2022Frontiers in immunology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
High-fiber diet ameliorates gut microbiota, serum metabolism and emotional mood in type 2 diabetes patients.
2023Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut microbiota in patients with COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes: A culture-based method.
2023Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Jiang-Tang-San-Huang pill alleviates type 2 diabetes mellitus through modulating the gut microbiota and bile acids metabolism.
2023Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Microbiota Transplantation in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes and a High Degree of Insulin Resistance.
2024Nutrients
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Intestinal Microbiota Composition in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Effects of Oral Antidiabetics.
2025Journal of clinical medicine
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Association of the gut microbiota with type 2 diabetes: Links to disease and remission in the Japanese population.
2025Journal of diabetes investigation
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Characterization of Fecal Microbial Communities in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Combined With Helicobacter pylori Infection.
2025Helicobacter
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Indole-3-propionic acid links gut dysfunction to diabetic retinopathy: a biomarker and novel therapeutic approach.
2026Gut
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Supporting primary evidence
1 papersAssociation between gut microbiota and ultra-processed foods consumption among the patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study.
2024Nutrition & metabolism
Human primary paper with plausible association relevance to the disease context.
Preclinical supporting evidence
20 papersChanges in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice.
2008Diabetes
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Alterations of Urinary Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Hypertension and/or Hyperlipidemia.
2017Frontiers in physiology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Administration of Lactobacillus paracasei ameliorates type 2 diabetes in mice.
2018Food & function
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Response of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes to hypoglycemic agents.
2019Endocrine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Lactobacillus acidophilus alleviates type 2 diabetes by regulating hepatic glucose, lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in mice.
2019Food & function
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Does symbiotic supplementation which contains Bacillus Coagulans Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus and fructooligosaccharide has favourite effects in patients with type-2 diabetes? A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
2023Archives of physiology and biochemistry
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Effects of type 2 diabetes and metformin on salivary microbiota in patients with chronic periodontitis.
2021Microbial pathogenesis
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Shenqi compound ameliorates type-2 diabetes mellitus by modulating the gut microbiota and metabolites.
2022Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Lactobacillus paracasei IMC 502 ameliorates type 2 diabetes by mediating gut microbiota-SCFA-hormone/inflammation pathway in mice.
2023Journal of the science of food and agriculture
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Alterations of the gut microbiota in type 2 diabetics with or without subclinical hypothyroidism.
2023PeerJ
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Lactobacillus brevis alleviates the progress of hepatocellular carcinoma and type 2 diabetes in mice model via interplay of gut microflora, bile acid and NOTCH 1 signaling.
2023Frontiers in immunology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Ameliorative Effects of Lactobacillus paracasei L14 on Oxidative Stress and Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rats.
2023Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Amelioration of Type 2 Diabetes Using Four Strains of Lactobacillus Probiotics: Effects on Gut Microbiota Reconstitution-Mediated Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in Mice.
2023Journal of agricultural and food chemistry
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Semaglutide alters gut microbiota and improves NAFLD in db/db mice.
2024Biochemical and biophysical research communications
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Improvement in Glycolipid Metabolism Parameters After Supplementing Fish Oil-Derived Omega-3 Fatty Acids Is Associated with Gut Microbiota and Lipid Metabolites in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
2024Nutrients
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Hypoglycemic effect of C. butyricum-pMTL007-GLP-1 engineered probiotics on type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2025Gut microbes
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Echinacoside alleviates type 2 diabetes mellitus through inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis via gut bacterial-fungal trans-kingdom network reconstruction.
2025Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus LRa05 on glycemic control and gut microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes.
2025World journal of diabetes
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain 84-3-derived l-glutamine ameliorates glucose homeostasis via AMPK/PPARγ signaling pathway activation in type 2 diabetes.
2025Metabolism: clinical and experimental
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Gut microbiota-derived L-theanine promotes host branched-chain amino acid catabolism.
2026Nature microbiology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Review supporting evidence
21 papersGut microbiota and probiotics: Focus on diabetes mellitus.
2017Critical reviews in food science and nutrition
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Probiotic strains and mechanistic insights for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
2017Endocrine
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Yogurt and other fermented foods as sources of health-promoting bacteria.
2018Nutrition reviews
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Probiotics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: A review of randomized controlled trials.
2020Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The role of prebiotics in cognition, anxiety, and depression.
2020European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbiota in Bone Health and Diabetes.
2021Current osteoporosis reports
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Human microbiome and metabolic health: An overview of systematic reviews.
2022Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Synbiotics and Gut Microbiota: New Perspectives in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
2022Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbiota Composition in Prediabetes and Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies.
2022Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Can probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic supplementation modulate the gut-liver axis in type 2 diabetes? A narrative and systematic review of clinical trials.
2022Frontiers in nutrition
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Mechanism and application of Lactobacillus in type 2 diabetes-associated periodontitis.
2023Frontiers in public health
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Comparison of the efficacy of fish oil and probiotic supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
2024Diabetology & metabolic syndrome
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut-targeted therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review.
2024World journal of clinical cases
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
2024Clinical nutrition ESPEN
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Understanding how pre- and probiotics affect the gut microbiome and metabolic health.
2024American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Exploration of the Muribaculaceae Family in the Gut Microbiota: Diversity, Metabolism, and Function.
2024Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Polysaccharides in Medicinal and Food Homologous Plants regulate intestinal flora to improve type 2 diabetes: Systematic review.
2024Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
A systematic review on gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2024Frontiers in endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Glucose Parameters, Inflammation Markers, and Gut Microbiota Changes of Gut Microbiome-Targeted Therapies in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
2025The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbiota Modulation in Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Risk: A Systematic Review.
2025Cureus
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Interplay Between GLP-1-Based Therapies, the Gut Microbiome, and MASLD/MASH in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review.
2026Biomedicines
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.