review_heavy
Review literature is very dense relative to primary central evidence.
fulltopmoderate inflation risk
Butyrate production
obesity
Butyrate production looks like a credible signal in obesity, though some caution is still warranted.
Butyrate production shows a strong literature footprint in obesity, with substantial central evidence and broader supporting literature.
butyrate_production
Credibility score
100
Human translation
3/5
Reproducibility
5/5
Novelty
1/5
Actionability
5/5
Credibility 100Human translation 3/5Reproducibility 5/5Novelty 1/5Actionability 5/5
Why this scores the way it does
- strong central evidence base
- dense review literature
- substantial preclinical support
Main caveats
- retrieval noise or disease-specificity issues may remain
Internal review flags
2 flagssparse_primary_supporting_bucket
Central evidence is high but primary supporting bucket is empty. Classification tiers may still be too coarse.
Primary central evidence
35 papersMicrobiota from the distal guts of lean and obese adolescents exhibit partial functional redundancy besides clear differences in community structure.
2013Environmental microbiology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Impact of dietary fiber fermentation from cereal grains on metabolite production by the fecal microbiota from normal weight and obese individuals.
2013Journal of medicinal food
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Structural changes in the gut microbiome of constipated patients.
2014Physiological genomics
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Increased Butyrate Production During Long-Term Fermentation of In Vitro-Digested High Amylose Cornstarch Residues with Human Feces.
2015Journal of food science
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii phylotypes in type two diabetic, obese, and lean control subjects.
2016Beneficial microbes
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Untangling the relationship between diet and visceral fat mass through blood metabolomics and gut microbiome profiling.
2017International journal of obesity (2005)
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Arachidonic acid sex-dependently affects obesity through linking gut microbiota-driven inflammation to hypothalamus-adipose-liver axis.
2017Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Causal relationships among the gut microbiome, short-chain fatty acids and metabolic diseases.
2019Nature genetics
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Effect of exercise and butyrate supplementation on microbiota composition and lipid metabolism.
2019The Journal of endocrinology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Mediterranean diet intervention in overweight and obese subjects lowers plasma cholesterol and causes changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome independently of energy intake.
2020Gut
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Infusion of donor feces affects the gut-brain axis in humans with metabolic syndrome.
2020Molecular metabolism
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Effects of dietary fibre and protein content on intestinal fibre degradation, short-chain fatty acid and microbiota composition in a high-fat fructose-rich diet induced obese Göttingen Minipig model.
2020Food & function
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut microbiota alterations reveal potential gut-brain axis changes in polycystic ovary syndrome.
2021Journal of endocrinological investigation
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Microbiota engraftment after faecal microbiota transplantation in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, double-blind, randomised controlled trial.
2022Gut
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Metformin Affects Gut Microbiome Composition and Function and Circulating Short-Chain Fatty Acids: A Randomized Trial.
2021Diabetes care
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells Shape a Transmissible Gut Microbiota That Protects From Metabolic Diseases.
2021Diabetes
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Taxonomic Characterization and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Production of the Obese Microbiota.
2021Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Metagenomic analysis revealed the potential role of gut microbiome in gout.
2021NPJ biofilms and microbiomes
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Lipocalin 2 Deficiency Restrains Aging-Related Reshaping of Gut Microbiota Structure and Metabolism.
2021Biomolecules
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Dynamic Alteration of the Gut Microbiota Associated with Obesity and Intestinal Inflammation in Ovariectomy C57BL/6 Mice.
2022International journal of endocrinology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut Microbiome Alterations Associated with Diabetes in Mexican Americans in South Texas.
2022mSystems
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
A metagenomic study identifies a Prevotella copri enriched microbial profile associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in subjects with obesity.
2023Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of gut microbiome-associated childhood overweight and obesity.
2024Gut microbes
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Alteration in the gut microbiome is associated with changes in bone metabolism after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.
2024Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Wet-type grinder-treated okara modulates gut microbiota composition and attenuates obesity in high-fat-fed mice.
2024Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
A Comprehensive Pilot Study to Elucidate the Distinct Gut Microbial Composition and Its Functional Significance in Cardio-Metabolic Disease.
2025Biochemical genetics
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Butyrate and tributyrin reduce LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production from human visceral fat.
2024International journal of obesity (2005)
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Enhancing gut microbiota and microbial function with inulin supplementation in children with obesity.
2024International journal of obesity (2005)
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
The role of intestinal microbiota in physiologic and body compositional changes that accompany CLA-mediated weight loss in obese mice.
2024Molecular metabolism
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Effect of weight-maintaining ketogenic diet on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in obese T2D subjects.
2024BMJ open diabetes research & care
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
High-viscosity dietary fibers modulate gut microbiota and liver metabolism to prevent obesity in high-fat diet-fed mice.
2025International journal of biological macromolecules
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Near-universal prevalence of central adiposity in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the PARAGON-HF trial.
2025European heart journal
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut Microbiota-Butyrate-PPARγ Axis Modulates Adipose Regulatory T Cell Population.
2025Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
High-fat diet-induced obesity-related hypertension via altered gut microbiota-mediated histone butyrylation.
2026Science China. Life sciences
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
[Impact of high-fat diet on intestinal fat absorption and fatty acid metabolism in rats transplanted with gut microbiota from hypertriglyceridemic individuals].
2025Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Preclinical supporting evidence
24 papersButyrate production from high-fiber diet protects against lymphoma tumor.
2016Leukemia & lymphoma
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Co-supplementation of isomalto-oligosaccharides potentiates metabolic health benefits of polyphenol-rich cranberry extract in high fat diet-fed mice via enhanced gut butyrate production.
2018European journal of nutrition
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Oral Administration of β-Glucan and Lactobacillus plantarum Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis-Like Symptoms.
2019Journal of microbiology and biotechnology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Characterisation of gut microbiota of obesity and type 2 diabetes in a rodent model.
2021Bioscience of microbiota, food and health
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
In vitro gastrointestinal digestion and simulated colonic fermentation of pistachio nuts determine the bioaccessibility and biosynthesis of chronobiotics.
2021Food & function
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Gut microbiota of adults with different metabolic phenotypes.
2021Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Dietary whey and egg proteins interact with inulin fiber to modulate energy balance and gut microbiota in obese rats.
2022The Journal of nutritional biochemistry
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Effect of postbiotics derived from kefir lactic acid bacteria-mediated bioconversion of citrus pomace extract and whey on high-fat diet-induced obesity and gut dysbiosis.
2022Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Therapeutic Effects of Butyrate on Pediatric Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
2022JAMA network open
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
The effects of a 20-week exercise program on blood-circulating biomarkers related to brain health in overweight or obese children: The ActiveBrains project.
2023Journal of sport and health science
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Butyrate ameliorates quinolinic acid-induced cognitive decline in obesity models.
2023The Journal of clinical investigation
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Butyrate in Human Milk: Associations with Milk Microbiota, Milk Intake Volume, and Infant Growth.
2023Nutrients
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Prebiotic effect of poly-D-3-hydroxybutyrate prevents dyslipidemia in obese mice.
2023FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Gut microbiome diversity within Clostridia is negatively associated with human obesity.
2024mSystems
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Maternal high-fat diet regulates offspring hepatic ABCG5 expression and cholesterol metabolism via the gut microbiota and its derived butyrate.
2024Clinical science (London, England : 1979)
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
The Link between Salivary Amylase Activity, Overweight, and Glucose Homeostasis.
2024International journal of molecular sciences
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
High barley intake in non-obese individuals is associated with high natto consumption and abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria in the gut: a cross-sectional study.
2024Frontiers in nutrition
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Dietary inulin ameliorates obesity-induced severe acute pancreatitis via gut-pancreas axis.
2024Gut microbes
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Global deletion of the immune cell transcription factor, T-bet, alters gut microbiota and insulin sensitivity in mice.
2024Frontiers in genetics
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Archaea methanogens are associated with cognitive performance through the shaping of gut microbiota, butyrate and histidine metabolism.
2025Gut microbes
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Gut microbiome composition and metabolic activity in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease.
2025Virulence
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Cross-feeding-based rational design of a probiotic combination of Bacterides xylanisolvens and Clostridium butyricum therapy for metabolic diseases.
2025Gut microbes
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
An In Vitro Gut-Liver-Adipose Axis Model to Evaluate the Anti-Obesity Potential of a Novel Probiotic-Polycosanol Combination.
2025Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Bai Mao Tea Polysaccharides Induce Adipose Tissue Browning and Ameliorate Diet-Induced Obesity by Modulating Butyrate Production and Gut Microbiota Composition.
2025Journal of agricultural and food chemistry
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Review supporting evidence
38 papersHypertriglyceridemia secondary to obesity and diabetes.
2012Biochimica et biophysica acta
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Challenges in the pharmacologic management of obesity and secondary dyslipidemia in children and adolescents.
2013Paediatric drugs
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2014Frontiers in microbiology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Short-chain fatty acids in control of body weight and insulin sensitivity.
2015Nature reviews. Endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Protein acetylation in metabolism - metabolites and cofactors.
2016Nature reviews. Endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
[Diabetic dyslipidaemia and the atherosclerosis].
2016Orvosi hetilap
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The neuropharmacology of butyrate: The bread and butter of the microbiota-gut-brain axis?
2016Neurochemistry international
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bifidobacteria and Butyrate-Producing Colon Bacteria: Importance and Strategies for Their Stimulation in the Human Gut.
2016Frontiers in microbiology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2016Endocrinologia y nutricion : organo de la Sociedad Espanola de Endocrinologia y Nutricion
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Diet, microorganisms and their metabolites, and colon cancer.
2016Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Microbiota and Obesity.
2017Nestle Nutrition Institute workshop series
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Allopregnanolone involvement in feeding regulation, overeating and obesity.
2018Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Old Fashioned vs. Ultra-Processed-Based Current Diets: Possible Implication in the Increased Susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease in Childhood.
2017Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Butyrate: A Double-Edged Sword for Health?
2018Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
PPAR Agonists and Metabolic Syndrome: An Established Role?
2018International journal of molecular sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Diabesity and mood disorders: Multiple links through the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
2019Molecular aspects of medicine
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Short chain fatty acids in human gut and metabolic health.
2020Beneficial microbes
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Role of Dietary Fibre in Modulating Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.
2020Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Hormones in Health and Obesity: The Upcoming Role of Short Chain Fatty Acids.
2021Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Maternal Microbiota and Metabolism in Pregnancy.
2021Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Effects of cereal fibers on short-chain fatty acids in healthy subjects and patients: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
2021Food & function
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Prospects for clinical applications of butyrate-producing bacteria.
2021World journal of clinical pediatrics
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbiota and Short Chain Fatty Acids: Implications in Glucose Homeostasis.
2022International journal of molecular sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiota predicts body fat change following a low-energy diet: a PREVIEW intervention study.
2022Genome medicine
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Elucidation of Prebiotics, Probiotics, Postbiotics, and Target from Gut Microbiota to Alleviate Obesity via Network Pharmacology Study.
2022Cells
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
All Fiber is Not Fiber.
2023Current gastroenterology reports
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Role of the Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites in Tumorigenesis or Development of Colorectal Cancer.
2023Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Health and Gut Microbiota.
2023Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Influence of Ketogenic Diet on Gut Microbiota: Potential Benefits, Risks and Indications.
2023Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Skeletal muscles and gut microbiota-derived metabolites: novel modulators of adipocyte thermogenesis.
2023Frontiers in endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Gut Microbiota and Diabetes: Research, Translation, and Clinical Applications-2023 Diabetes, Diabetes Care, and Diabetologia Expert Forum.
2024Diabetes
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Gut Microbiota and Diabetes: Research, Translation, and Clinical Applications-2023 Diabetes, Diabetes Care, and Diabetologia Expert Forum.
2024Diabetes care
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Butyrate: A potential mediator of obesity and microbiome via different mechanisms of actions.
2025Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Angiogenesis, a key point in the association of gut microbiota and its metabolites with disease.
2024European journal of medical research
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The impact of butyrate on glycemic control in animals and humans: a comprehensive semi-systemic review.
2025Frontiers in nutrition
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Akkermansia muciniphila: A key player in gut microbiota-based disease modulation.
2025Microbiological research
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiome remodeling induced by microplastic exposure in humans.
2026Gut microbes
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Biochemistry of Human Gut Microbiota: Related Diseases and Dietary Interactions.
2026Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.