preclinical_heavy
Preclinical evidence exceeds central human evidence. Interpret translational relevance cautiously.
fulltophigh inflation risk
Butyrate production
crohn's disease
Butyrate production has meaningful literature visibility in crohn's disease, but the current evidence mix suggests a substantial risk of overclaiming.
Butyrate production shows a strong literature footprint in crohn's disease, with substantial central evidence and broader supporting literature.
butyrate_production
Credibility score
77
Human translation
2/5
Reproducibility
5/5
Novelty
1/5
Actionability
4/5
Credibility 77Human translation 2/5Reproducibility 5/5Novelty 1/5Actionability 4/5
Why this scores the way it does
- strong central evidence base
- dense review literature
- substantial preclinical support
Main caveats
- preclinical evidence outweighs human evidence
Internal review flags
2 flagsreview_heavy
Review literature is very dense relative to primary central evidence.
Primary central evidence
18 papersStarch-entrapped microspheres show a beneficial fermentation profile and decrease in potentially harmful bacteria during in vitro fermentation in faecal microbiota obtained from patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
2010The British journal of nutrition
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Microbial induction of immunity, inflammation, and cancer.
2011Frontiers in physiology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Specific immunotherapy ameliorates ulcerative colitis.
2016Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Cardiorespiratory fitness as a predictor of intestinal microbial diversity and distinct metagenomic functions.
2016Microbiome
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Butyrate-producing bacteria supplemented in vitro to Crohn's disease patient microbiota increased butyrate production and enhanced intestinal epithelial barrier integrity.
2017Scientific reports
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Longitudinal microbiome analysis of single donor fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection and/or ulcerative colitis.
2018PloS one
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Treatment of Active Crohn's Disease With an Ordinary Food-based Diet That Replicates Exclusive Enteral Nutrition.
2019Gastroenterology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Alterations in the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii correlate with changes in fecal calprotectin in patients with ileal Crohn's disease: a longitudinal study.
2019Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Mucin O-glycans facilitate symbiosynthesis to maintain gut immune homeostasis.
2019EBioMedicine
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Microbiota changes induced by microencapsulated sodium butyrate in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
2020Neurogastroenterology and motility
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Microbial Butyrate Synthesis Indicates Therapeutic Efficacy of Azathioprine in IBD Patients.
2021Journal of Crohn's & colitis
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Dynamic Colonization of Microbes and Their Functions after Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
2021mBio
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Dynamic Alteration of the Gut Microbiota Associated with Obesity and Intestinal Inflammation in Ovariectomy C57BL/6 Mice.
2022International journal of endocrinology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Microbial butyrate capacity is reduced in inflamed mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis.
2024Scientific reports
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
The gut microbiome regulates the clinical efficacy of sulfasalazine therapy for IBD-associated spondyloarthritis.
2024Cell reports. Medicine
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Enteric GABAergic neuron-derived γ-aminobutyric acid initiates expression of Igfbp7 to sustain ILC3 homeostasis.
2025Nature immunology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Microbiome multi-omics analysis reveals novel biomarkers and mechanisms linked with CD etiopathology.
2025Biomarker research
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
In Vitro Effects of Twelve Food Additives on Gut Microbiome and Its Fibre Fermentation Capacity in Adults with Crohn's Disease in Remission and Healthy Controls.
2026Nutrients
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Supporting primary evidence
1 papersEnhanced mucosal mitochondrial function corrects dysbiosis and OXPHOS metabolism in IBD.
2024bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology
Relevant preprint retained as supporting evidence, not central evidence.
Preclinical supporting evidence
28 papersTwin study indicates loss of interaction between microbiota and mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis.
2011Gastroenterology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Microbial butyrate and its role for barrier function in the gastrointestinal tract.
2012Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Butyrate-producing Clostridium cluster XIVa species specifically colonize mucins in an in vitro gut model.
2013The ISME journal
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum, a butyrate producer with probiotic potential, is intrinsically tolerant to stomach and small intestine conditions.
2014Anaerobe
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Interleukin-15 promotes intestinal dysbiosis with butyrate deficiency associated with increased susceptibility to colitis.
2017The ISME journal
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
In Vitro Digestion and Fermentation of Microencapsulated Tributyrin for the Delivery of Butyrate.
2017Journal of food science
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Interactions between species introduce spurious associations in microbiome studies.
2018PLoS computational biology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Sodium Butyrate Inhibits Inflammation and Maintains Epithelium Barrier Integrity in a TNBS-induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease Mice Model.
2018EBioMedicine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Physical Activity Shapes the Intestinal Microbiome and Immunity of Healthy Mice but Has No Protective Effects against Colitis in MUC2-/- Mice.
2020mSystems
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
An efficient system for intestinal on-site butyrate production using novel microbiome-derived esterases.
2021Journal of biological engineering
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Butyrate enhances CPT1A activity to promote fatty acid oxidation and iTreg differentiation.
2021Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Gut microbiota from green tea polyphenol-dosed mice improves intestinal epithelial homeostasis and ameliorates experimental colitis.
2021Microbiome
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Microbiota metabolite butyrate constrains neutrophil functions and ameliorates mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease.
2021Gut microbes
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
An engineered probiotic secreting Sj16 ameliorates colitis via Ruminococcaceae/butyrate/retinoic acid axis.
2021Bioengineering & translational medicine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate ameliorates colitis by promoting M2 macrophage polarization through the STAT6-dependent signaling pathway.
2022BMC medicine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Effect of DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis and Butyrate on the Cytochrome P450 2A5: Contribution of the Microbiome.
2022International journal of molecular sciences
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Butyrate Ameliorates Insufficient Sleep-Induced Intestinal Mucosal Damage in Humans and Mice.
2023Microbiology spectrum
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Interplay of gut microbiota and host epithelial mitochondrial dysfunction is necessary for the development of spontaneous intestinal inflammation in mice.
2023Microbiome
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Acute copper oxide nanoparticles exposure alters zebrafish larval microbiome.
2024Life sciences
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
ATP citrate lyase (ACLY)-dependent immunometabolism in mucosal T cells drives experimental colitis in vivo.
2024Gut
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Butyrate Prevents the Pathogenic Anemia-Inflammation Circuit by Facilitating Macrophage Iron Export.
2024Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
A tailored series of engineered yeasts for the cell-dependent treatment of inflammatory bowel disease by rational butyrate supplementation.
2024Gut microbes
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Nutritional Management in Stricturing Crohn's Disease: A Pilot Study.
2024Nutrients
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Colon-targeted engineered postbiotics nanoparticles alleviate osteoporosis through the gut-bone axis.
2024Nature communications
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Sodium butyrate alleviates DSS-induced inflammatory bowel disease by inhibiting ferroptosis and modulating ERK/STAT3 signaling and intestinal flora.
2025Annals of medicine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Optimizing Precision Probiotics for Mitigating Graft-Versus-Host Disease.
2025Microorganisms
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Orally Delivered Tolerogenic Nanotherapeutic for Targeted Colitis Therapy via ROS Scavenging and Treg/Th17 Modulation.
2025ACS applied materials & interfaces
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
AI-Based Exhaled VOC Panels as Gut Microbiota-Derived Biomarkers for IBD Screening.
2026ACS sensors
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Review supporting evidence
24 papersThe butyrate story: old wine in new bottles?
2004Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bifidobacteria and Butyrate-Producing Colon Bacteria: Importance and Strategies for Their Stimulation in the Human Gut.
2016Frontiers in microbiology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Microbiota metabolite short chain fatty acids, GPCR, and inflammatory bowel diseases.
2017Journal of gastroenterology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The nutrition-gut microbiome-physiology axis and allergic diseases.
2017Immunological reviews
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Impact of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on the Gut Microbiota.
2017International journal of molecular sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-Mediated Gut Epithelial and Immune Regulation and Its Relevance for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.
2019Frontiers in immunology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Short chain fatty acids and its producing organisms: An overlooked therapy for IBD?
2021EBioMedicine
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Butyrate-producing human gut symbiont, Clostridium butyricum, and its role in health and disease.
2021Gut microbes
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Butyrate and the Intestinal Epithelium: Modulation of Proliferation and Inflammation in Homeostasis and Disease.
2021Cells
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Immunomodulatory Functions of Butyrate.
2021Journal of inflammation research
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Diet as therapeutic intervention in Crohn's disease.
2022Przeglad gastroenterologiczny
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Alteration of the Gut Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
2023Digestion
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The double-edged sword of probiotic supplementation on gut microbiota structure in Helicobacter pylori management.
2022Gut microbes
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Butyrate's role in human health and the current progress towards its clinical application to treat gastrointestinal disease.
2023Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbial Metabolite Butyrate and Its Therapeutic Role in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Literature Review.
2023Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Roles of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
2023Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiota and metabolites as predictors of biologics response in inflammatory bowel disease: A comprehensive systematic review.
2024Microbiological research
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Multifaceted Impact of Bioactive Lipids on Gut Health and Disease.
2024International journal of molecular sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Akkermansia muciniphila: A key player in gut microbiota-based disease modulation.
2025Microbiological research
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Microbiome engineering: unlocking therapeutic potential in inflammatory bowel disease.
2025Frontiers in microbiology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiome remodeling induced by microplastic exposure in humans.
2026Gut microbes
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Biochemistry of Human Gut Microbiota: Related Diseases and Dietary Interactions.
2026Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Transfer of faeces in ulcerative colitis 2: improving efficacy - study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial (TURN2 study).
2026BMJ open
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Pharmacotherapy of inflammatory bowel disease.
1993Digestive diseases (Basel, Switzerland)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.