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Bile acid metabolism

type 2 diabetes

Bile acid metabolism has meaningful literature visibility in type 2 diabetes, but the current evidence mix suggests a substantial risk of overclaiming.

Bile acid metabolism shows a moderate evidence base in type 2 diabetes, with multiple central papers and additional supporting literature.

bile_acid_metabolism
Credibility score
82
Human translation
1/5
Reproducibility
5/5
Novelty
1/5
Actionability
2/5
Credibility 82Human translation 1/5Reproducibility 5/5Novelty 1/5Actionability 2/5
Why this scores the way it does
  • moderate central evidence base
  • meaningful supporting human literature
  • dense review literature
Main caveats
  • preclinical evidence outweighs human evidence
  • review density exceeds central evidence depth

Internal review flags

2 flags
preclinical_heavy

Preclinical evidence exceeds central human evidence. Interpret translational relevance cautiously.

review_heavy

Review literature is very dense relative to primary central evidence.

Primary central evidence

8 papers
Jiang-Tang-San-Huang pill alleviates type 2 diabetes mellitus through modulating the gut microbiota and bile acids metabolism.
2023
Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
The association between total bile acid and bone mineral density among patients with type 2 diabetes.
2023
Frontiers in endocrinology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Vitamin K2 supplementation improves impaired glycemic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity for type 2 diabetes through gut microbiome and fecal metabolites.
2023
BMC medicine
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Combined GIP receptor and GLP1 receptor agonism attenuates NAFLD in male APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice.
2023
EBioMedicine
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Alterations in bile acid kinetics after bariatric surgery in patients with obesity with or without type 2 diabetes.
2024
EBioMedicine
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Bacteroides uniformis Ameliorates Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Disorders in Diabetic Mice by Regulating Bile Acid Metabolism via the Gut-Liver Axis.
2024
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Sanye tablet regulates gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism to attenuate hepatic steatosis.
2025
Journal of ethnopharmacology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Integrated analysis of gut microbiota, fecal and serum metabolites in type 2 diabetes mellitus with peripheral neuropathy.
2025
Journal of endocrinological investigation
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.

Supporting primary evidence

2 papers
Gut microbiome and type 2 diabetes.
2022
Progress in molecular biology and translational science
Human primary paper with plausible association relevance to the disease context.
Differing genetic variants associated with liver fat and their contrasting relationships with cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
2024
Journal of hepatology
Human primary paper with plausible association relevance to the disease context.

Preclinical supporting evidence

26 papers
Metformin alters the gut microbiome of individuals with treatment-naive type 2 diabetes, contributing to the therapeutic effects of the drug.
2017
Nature medicine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Gut microbiota and intestinal FXR mediate the clinical benefits of metformin.
2018
Nature medicine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Healthspan and lifespan extension by fecal microbiota transplantation into progeroid mice.
2019
Nature medicine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Ablation of gut microbiota alleviates obesity-induced hepatic steatosis and glucose intolerance by modulating bile acid metabolism in hamsters.
2019
Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Novel insights into the genetically obese (ob/ob) and diabetic (db/db) mice: two sides of the same coin.
2021
Microbiome
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Plasma Bile Acid Profile in Patients with and without Type 2 Diabetes.
2021
Metabolites
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Serum Bile Acid Profiles in Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults and Type 2 Diabetes Patients.
2022
Journal of diabetes research
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Simiao Wan modulates the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism during improving type 2 diabetes mellitus in mice.
2022
Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Adjunctive Probio-X Treatment Enhances the Therapeutic Effect of a Conventional Drug in Managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Promoting Short-Chain Fatty Acid-Producing Bacteria and Bile Acid Pathways.
2023
mSystems
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Glycoursodeoxycholic acid regulates bile acids level and alters gut microbiota and glycolipid metabolism to attenuate diabetes.
2023
Gut microbes
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Electroacupuncture Improves Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mice by Regulating Intestinal Flora and Bile Acid.
2023
Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Gut commensal Christensenella minuta modulates host metabolism via acylated secondary bile acids.
2024
Nature microbiology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Gut microbiota-derived secondary bile acids, bile acids receptor polymorphisms, and risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a cohort study.
2024
The American journal of clinical nutrition
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Polysaccharides from Phellinus linteus attenuate type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats via modulation of gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism.
2024
International journal of biological macromolecules
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Effects of Prevotella copri on insulin, gut microbiota and bile acids.
2024
Gut microbes
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Expression of Bile Acid Receptors and Transporters Along the Intestine of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Controls.
2025
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Study on the mechanism of modified Gegen Qinlian decoction in regulating the intestinal flora-bile acid-TGR5 axis for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on macro genome sequencing and targeted metabonomics integration.
2024
Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Tangerine Peel-Derived Exosome-Like Nanovesicles Alleviate Hepatic Steatosis Induced by Type 2 Diabetes: Evidenced by Regulating Lipid Metabolism and Intestinal Microflora.
2024
International journal of nanomedicine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Mulberry leaf polysaccharides ameliorate glucose and lipid metabolism disorders via the gut microbiota-bile acids metabolic pathway.
2024
International journal of biological macromolecules
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Silicon-Enriched Meat Ameliorates Diabetic Dyslipidemia by Improving Cholesterol, Bile Acid Metabolism and Ileal Barrier Integrity in Rats with Late-Stage Type 2 Diabetes.
2024
International journal of molecular sciences
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Effects of synbiotics surpass probiotics alone in improving type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
2025
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide alleviates hepatic steatosis and modulates gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism in diabetic mice.
2025
International immunopharmacology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes but not obesity are associated with alterations in bile acid related gut microbe-microbe and gut microbe-host community metabolism.
2025
Gut microbes
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
A microbial amino-acid-conjugated bile acid, tryptophan-cholic acid, improves glucose homeostasis via the orphan receptor MRGPRE.
2025
Cell
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Declining FXR expression coordinates neonatal beta cell mass development with microbial bile acid metabolism maturation in mice.
2026
Diabetologia
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
20(S/R)-ginsenoside Rh1 improves type 2 diabetes via gut microbiota-modulated bile acid signaling and FXR/TGR5-dependent GLP-1 enhancement.
2026
Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.

Review supporting evidence

58 papers
Bile acid sequestrants and the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2007
Drugs
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Targeting bile-acid signalling for metabolic diseases.
2008
Nature reviews. Drug discovery
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut hormones and the brain.
2010
Journal of diabetes
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bile acid metabolism and the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
2011
Current diabetes reports
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bile acid sequestrants in type 2 diabetes: potential effects on GLP1 secretion.
2014
European journal of endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Intestinal microbiota and type 2 diabetes: from mechanism insights to therapeutic perspective.
2014
World journal of gastroenterology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bariatric surgery, lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular risk.
2015
Current opinion in lipidology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Metformin and the gastrointestinal tract.
2016
Diabetologia
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Linking Gut Microbiota and Inflammation to Obesity and Insulin Resistance.
2016
Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Clinical relevance of the bile acid receptor TGR5 in metabolism.
2017
The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Intestinal bile acid receptors are key regulators of glucose homeostasis.
2017
The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bile Acid Control of Metabolism and Inflammation in Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.
2017
Gastroenterology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbiota in Cardiovascular Health and Disease.
2017
Circulation research
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Type 2 Diabetes and Bacteremia.
2017
Annals of nutrition & metabolism
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
An update on the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone disease.
2018
Current opinion in gastroenterology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Rethinking Bile Acid Metabolism and Signaling for Type 2 Diabetes Treatment.
2018
Current diabetes reports
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Dietary metabolism, the gut microbiome, and heart failure.
2019
Nature reviews. Cardiology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The links between the gut microbiome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
2019
Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bile acid alterations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: what do the human studies tell?
2019
Current opinion in lipidology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Understanding the glucoregulatory mechanisms of metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2019
Nature reviews. Endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The gut microbiome and metabolic syndrome.
2019
The Journal of clinical investigation
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bariatric Surgery in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.
2019
Current diabetes reports
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
You Are What You Eat-The Relationship between Diet, Microbiota, and Metabolic Disorders-A Review.
2020
Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bile Acids: Key Regulators and Novel Treatment Targets for Type 2 Diabetes.
2020
Journal of diabetes research
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Therapeutic mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine to improve metabolic diseases via the gut microbiota.
2021
Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Effects of Metformin on the Gut Microbiota in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
2020
Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Nutritional Approach Targeting Gut Microbiota in NAFLD-To Date.
2021
International journal of environmental research and public health
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The contribution of gut bacterial metabolites in the human immune signaling pathway of non-communicable diseases.
2021
Gut microbes
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiome and bile acids in obesity-related diseases.
2021
Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The influence of the gut microbiota on the bioavailability of oral drugs.
2021
Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbiota and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Association, Mechanism, and Translational Applications.
2021
Mediators of inflammation
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights.
2022
Gut
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bile acid and receptors: biology and drug discovery for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
2022
Acta pharmacologica Sinica
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The human microbiome in disease and pathology.
2022
APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Farnesoid X Receptor, Bile Acid Metabolism, and Gut Microbiota.
2022
Metabolites
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The double-edged sword of probiotic supplementation on gut microbiota structure in Helicobacter pylori management.
2022
Gut microbes
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Interactive Relationships between Intestinal Flora and Bile Acids.
2022
International journal of molecular sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiota: A new target for T2DM prevention and treatment.
2022
Frontiers in endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Advances in multi-omics study of biomarkers of glycolipid metabolism disorder.
2022
Computational and structural biotechnology journal
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bile acids-gut microbiota crosstalk contributes to the improvement of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2022
Frontiers in pharmacology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Mechanisms and Outcomes of Metabolic Surgery in Type 2 Diabetes.
2022
Metabolites
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Type 2 Diabetes and the Microbiome.
2022
Journal of the Endocrine Society
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Targeting the gut microbiota and its metabolites for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2023
Frontiers in endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bile acid metabolism and signaling: Emerging pharmacological targets of dietary polyphenols.
2023
Pharmacology & therapeutics
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Potential of Bile Acids as Biomarkers for Metabolic Disorders.
2023
International journal of molecular sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Research progress on the relationship between bile acid metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2023
Diabetology & metabolic syndrome
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
THE CONNECTION BETWEEN BILE ACIDS AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS - A REVIEW.
2023
Arquivos de gastroenterologia
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Crosstalk between glucagon-like peptide 1 and gut microbiota in metabolic diseases.
2024
mBio
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bile Acid Signaling in Metabolic and Inflammatory Diseases and Drug Development.
2024
Pharmacological reviews
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Regulation of Mitochondrial and Peroxisomal Metabolism in Female Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes.
2024
International journal of molecular sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Microbiome-centered therapies for the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.
2025
Clinical and molecular hepatology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bile acid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2025
Nature reviews. Endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Impact of Dietary Fiber on Inflammation in Humans.
2025
International journal of molecular sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiome research: Revealing the pathological mechanisms and treatment strategies of type 2 diabetes.
2025
Diabetes, obesity & metabolism
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Remission, Dream or Reality? A Narrative Review of Current Evidence and Integrated Care Strategies.
2025
Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The gut microbiota-bile acid axis: a crucial regulator of immune function and metabolic health.
2025
World journal of microbiology & biotechnology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Type 2 Diabetes and the Multifaceted Gut-X Axes.
2025
Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbiota Modulation in Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Risk: A Systematic Review.
2025
Cureus
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.