preclinical_heavy
Preclinical evidence exceeds central human evidence. Interpret translational relevance cautiously.
supportedtophigh inflation risk
Bile acid metabolism
obesity
Bile acid metabolism has meaningful literature visibility in obesity, but the current evidence mix suggests a substantial risk of overclaiming.
Bile acid metabolism shows a moderate evidence base in obesity, with multiple central papers and additional supporting literature.
bile_acid_metabolism
Credibility score
88
Human translation
1/5
Reproducibility
5/5
Novelty
1/5
Actionability
2/5
Credibility 88Human translation 1/5Reproducibility 5/5Novelty 1/5Actionability 2/5
Why this scores the way it does
- moderate central evidence base
- dense review literature
- substantial preclinical support
Main caveats
- preclinical evidence outweighs human evidence
- review density exceeds central evidence depth
Internal review flags
2 flagsreview_heavy
Review literature is very dense relative to primary central evidence.
Primary central evidence
8 papersMediterranean diet intervention in overweight and obese subjects lowers plasma cholesterol and causes changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome independently of energy intake.
2020Gut
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Changes in bile acid subtypes and long-term successful weight-loss in response to weight-loss diets: The POUNDS lost trial.
2022Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Combined GIP receptor and GLP1 receptor agonism attenuates NAFLD in male APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice.
2023EBioMedicine
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Resistant starch intake facilitates weight loss in humans by reshaping the gut microbiota.
2024Nature metabolism
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Ramulus Mori (Sangzhi) alkaloids ameliorate high-fat diet induced obesity in rats by modulating gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism.
2024Frontiers in endocrinology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut microbiota and derived metabolites mediate obstructive sleep apnea induced atherosclerosis.
2025Gut microbes
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Chronic PET-Microplastic Exposure: Disruption of Gut-Liver Homeostasis and Risk of Hepatic Steatosis.
2026Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Jiangtang Tiaozhi Formula alleviates obesity by enhancing adipose thermogenesis via TGR5-mediated gut-liver-adipose axis.
2026Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Preclinical supporting evidence
24 papersMicrobiota, Liver Diseases, and Alcohol.
2017Microbiology spectrum
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Intestine farnesoid X receptor agonist and the gut microbiota activate G-protein bile acid receptor-1 signaling to improve metabolism.
2018Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Gut microbiota and intestinal FXR mediate the clinical benefits of metformin.
2018Nature medicine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Effects of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation With Oral Capsules in Obese Patients.
2020Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Healthspan and lifespan extension by fecal microbiota transplantation into progeroid mice.
2019Nature medicine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Ablation of gut microbiota alleviates obesity-induced hepatic steatosis and glucose intolerance by modulating bile acid metabolism in hamsters.
2019Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
A dysregulated bile acid-gut microbiota axis contributes to obesity susceptibility.
2020EBioMedicine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Hypothalamic bile acid-TGR5 signaling protects from obesity.
2021Cell metabolism
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Gut Akkermansia muciniphila ameliorates metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease by regulating the metabolism of L-aspartate via gut-liver axis.
2021Gut microbes
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Caloric restriction disrupts the microbiota and colonization resistance.
2021Nature
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Intestinal FGF15 regulates bile acid and cholesterol metabolism but not glucose and energy balance.
2024JCI insight
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Effects of Prevotella copri on insulin, gut microbiota and bile acids.
2024Gut microbes
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Ketogenic diet-induced bile acids protect against obesity through reduced calorie absorption.
2024Nature metabolism
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
A small intestinal bile acid modulates the gut microbiome to improve host metabolic phenotypes following bariatric surgery.
2024Cell host & microbe
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Yellow tea polysaccharides protect against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via regulation of gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism in mice.
2024Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Silymarin targets the FXR protein through microbial metabolite 7-keto-deoxycholic acid to treat MASLD in obese mice.
2024Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Improves Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Metabolism.
2024Journal of agricultural and food chemistry
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Tangerine Peel-Derived Exosome-Like Nanovesicles Alleviate Hepatic Steatosis Induced by Type 2 Diabetes: Evidenced by Regulating Lipid Metabolism and Intestinal Microflora.
2024International journal of nanomedicine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Arabinoxylan Alleviates Obesity by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Metabolism.
2024Journal of agricultural and food chemistry
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Quercetin-Driven Akkermansia Muciniphila Alleviates Obesity by Modulating Bile Acid Metabolism via an ILA/m6A/CYP8B1 Signaling.
2025Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Archaea methanogens are associated with cognitive performance through the shaping of gut microbiota, butyrate and histidine metabolism.
2025Gut microbes
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Circulating metabolite signatures indicate differential gut-liver crosstalk in lean and obese MASLD.
2025JCI insight
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Curcumin Inhibits Bisphenol A-Induced Fat Mass Gain by Enhancing White Adipose Tissue Browning via Modulating Gut Microbiota-Dependent Bile Acid Metabolism in CD-1 Mice.
2025Journal of medicinal food
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Maternal Obesity Increases Breast Milk Bile Acid Levels.
2026The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Review supporting evidence
71 papersLiver and gallbladder disease before and after very-low-calorie diets.
1992The American journal of clinical nutrition
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gallstone formation and weight loss.
1993Obesity research
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Lithogenesis and bile metabolism.
2008The Surgical clinics of North America
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Oxysterols in bile acid metabolism.
2011Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Nuclear receptors in bile acid metabolism.
2013Drug metabolism reviews
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bile acid metabolism and signaling.
2013Comprehensive Physiology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Obesity and NAFLD: the role of bacteria and microbiota.
2014Clinics in liver disease
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Role of the microbiome in energy regulation and metabolism.
2014Gastroenterology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiota and obesity: role in aetiology and potential therapeutic target.
2014Best practice & research. Clinical gastroenterology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The immunomodulatory role of bile acids.
2014International archives of allergy and immunology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Obesity, fatty liver disease and intestinal microbiota.
2014World journal of gastroenterology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Role of taurine in the pathogenesis of obesity.
2015Molecular nutrition & food research
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease in the obese: Pathophysiology and treatment.
2016Surgery
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bariatric surgery, lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular risk.
2015Current opinion in lipidology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diet and gut microbiota.
2014EXCLI journal
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bile acid receptors and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
2015World journal of hepatology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Linking Gut Microbiota and Inflammation to Obesity and Insulin Resistance.
2016Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Clinical relevance of the bile acid receptor TGR5 in metabolism.
2017The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Intestinal bile acid receptors are key regulators of glucose homeostasis.
2017The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Vitamin D alteration associated with obesity and bariatric surgery.
2017Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Modulator of Host Metabolism and Appetite.
2017The Journal of nutrition
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbiota in Cardiovascular Health and Disease.
2017Circulation research
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) and Hepatic Fibrosis: Emerging Therapies.
2018Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Bile Acid Metabolism.
2017Annals of hepatology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Cross-Talk Between Bile Acids and Gastro-Intestinal and Thermogenic Hormones: Clues from Bariatric Surgery.
2017Annals of hepatology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
An update on the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone disease.
2018Current opinion in gastroenterology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bile Acid Metabolism in Liver Pathobiology.
2018Gene expression
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The links between the gut microbiome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
2019Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Impact of Gut Microbiota on Host Glycemic Control.
2019Frontiers in endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bile Acids as Metabolic Regulators and Nutrient Sensors.
2019Annual review of nutrition
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiome and its role in obesity and insulin resistance.
2020Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Obesity and cancer: A mechanistic overview of metabolic changes in obesity that impact genetic instability.
2019Molecular carcinogenesis
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The gut microbiome and metabolic syndrome.
2019The Journal of clinical investigation
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Thyroid Dysfunction and Cholesterol Gallstone Disease.
2020Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bile acid receptors FXR and TGR5 signaling in fatty liver diseases and therapy.
2020American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Targeting bile acid metabolism in obesity reduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
2020Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Microbial Medicine: Prebiotic and Probiotic Functional Foods to Target Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome.
2020International journal of molecular sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
You Are What You Eat-The Relationship between Diet, Microbiota, and Metabolic Disorders-A Review.
2020Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Microbial-Derived Secondary Bile Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease.
2020Current atherosclerosis reports
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Therapeutic mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine to improve metabolic diseases via the gut microbiota.
2021Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Targeting the alternative bile acid synthetic pathway for metabolic diseases.
2021Protein & cell
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as central regulators in metabolic disorders.
2021Gut
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The bile acid TUDCA and neurodegenerative disorders: An overview.
2021Life sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiome and bile acids in obesity-related diseases.
2021Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Obesity and cholangiocarcinoma: A review of epidemiological and molecular associations.
2021Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights.
2022Gut
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Discovery of farnesoid X receptor and its role in bile acid metabolism.
2022Molecular and cellular endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The human microbiome in disease and pathology.
2022APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Factors Influencing Gallstone Formation: A Review of the Literature.
2022Biomolecules
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Secondary Bile Acids and Tumorigenesis in Colorectal Cancer.
2022Frontiers in oncology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Farnesoid X Receptor, Bile Acid Metabolism, and Gut Microbiota.
2022Metabolites
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The critical role of gut microbiota in obesity.
2022Frontiers in endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Role of bile acids in overweight and obese children and adolescents.
2022Frontiers in endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The gut microbiota in obesity and weight management: microbes as friends or foe?
2023Nature reviews. Endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Anthocyanins-gut microbiota-health axis: A review.
2024Critical reviews in food science and nutrition
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Role of the Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites in Tumorigenesis or Development of Colorectal Cancer.
2023Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Associations between the gut microbiome and metabolic, inflammatory, and appetitive effects of sleeve gastrectomy.
2023Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Crosstalk between glucagon-like peptide 1 and gut microbiota in metabolic diseases.
2024mBio
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiota in overweight and obesity: crosstalk with adipose tissue.
2024Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Role of the intestinal microbiome and its therapeutic intervention in cardiovascular disorder.
2024Frontiers in immunology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Breaking the barriers: the role of gut homeostasis in Metabolic-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD).
2024Gut microbes
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Exploring Bariatric Surgery's Impact on Weight Loss and Diabetes: Sodium and Glucose Receptor Modulation.
2024JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Circadian Rhythms, the Gut Microbiome, and Metabolic Disorders.
2022Gastro hep advances
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
New Perspectives on Obesity-Associated Nephropathy from Pathophysiology to Therapeutics: Revealing the Promise of GLP-1 RA Therapy.
2024Drug design, development and therapy
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Microbiome-centered therapies for the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.
2025Clinical and molecular hepatology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Regulation of bile acids and their receptor FXR in metabolic diseases.
2024Frontiers in nutrition
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiota, immunity, and bile acid metabolism: decoding metabolic disease interactions.
2023Life metabolism
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The gut microbiota-bile acid axis: a crucial regulator of immune function and metabolic health.
2025World journal of microbiology & biotechnology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Oncogenic Burden of Obesity: Mechanistic Links Between Adiposity and Gastrointestinal Cancers-A Comprehensive Narrative Review.
2025Biomedicines
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The physiology of MASLD: molecular pathways between liver and adipose tissues.
2025Clinical science (London, England : 1979)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gastrointestinal disturbances with obesity.
1993Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. Supplement
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.