preclinical_heavy
Preclinical evidence exceeds central human evidence. Interpret translational relevance cautiously.
supportedtophigh inflation risk
Bile acid metabolism
colorectal cancer
Bile acid metabolism has meaningful literature visibility in colorectal cancer, but the current evidence mix suggests a substantial risk of overclaiming.
Bile acid metabolism shows a moderate evidence base in colorectal cancer, with multiple central papers and additional supporting literature.
bile_acid_metabolism
Credibility score
85
Human translation
2/5
Reproducibility
5/5
Novelty
1/5
Actionability
3/5
Credibility 85Human translation 2/5Reproducibility 5/5Novelty 1/5Actionability 3/5
Why this scores the way it does
- moderate central evidence base
- dense review literature
- substantial preclinical support
Main caveats
- preclinical evidence outweighs human evidence
Internal review flags
2 flagsreview_heavy
Review literature is very dense relative to primary central evidence.
Primary central evidence
13 papersAssociation between Circulating Vitamin D Metabolites and Fecal Bile Acid Concentrations.
2016Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.)
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Cholecystectomy Damages Aging-Associated Intestinal Microbiota Construction.
2018Frontiers in microbiology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses reveal distinct stage-specific phenotypes of the gut microbiota in colorectal cancer.
2019Nature medicine
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Cigarette smoke promotes colorectal cancer through modulation of gut microbiota and related metabolites.
2022Gut
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Multi-Omics Characterization of a Glycerolipid Metabolism-Related Gene Enrichment Score in Colon Cancer.
2022Frontiers in oncology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Fecal steroids and colorectal cancer.
1987Nutrition and cancer
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Spatial transcriptomics atlas reveals the crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor microenvironment components in colorectal cancer.
2022Journal of translational medicine
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Integrated metagenomic and metabolomic analysis reveals distinct gut-microbiome-derived phenotypes in early-onset colorectal cancer.
2023Gut
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Paired microbiome and metabolome analyses associate bile acid changes with colorectal cancer progression.
2023Cell reports
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Multiomics Analysis Revealed Colorectal Cancer Pathogenesis.
2024Journal of proteome research
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Proteogenomic and observational evidence implicate ANGPTL4 as a potential therapeutic target for colorectal cancer prevention.
2025Journal of the National Cancer Institute
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Dysregulation of bile acid metabolism in patients with colorectal cancer.
2025Scientific reports
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut Microbiota-Mediated Bile Acid Metabolism Regulates Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis by Altering Neutrophil Recruitment.
2025Cancer research
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Preclinical supporting evidence
26 papersFXR Regulates Intestinal Cancer Stem Cell Proliferation.
2019Cell
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Interplay between bile acids and the gut microbiota promotes intestinal carcinogenesis.
2019Molecular carcinogenesis
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
[Carcinogenesis and Gut Microbiota].
2019Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Inflammation-induced cholestasis in cancer cachexia.
2021Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Gut Dysbiosis and Abnormal Bile Acid Metabolism in Colitis-Associated Cancer.
2021Gastroenterology research and practice
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Ursodeoxycholic acid suppresses the malignant progression of colorectal cancer through TGR5-YAP axis.
2021Cell death discovery
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Bile acid metabolism dysregulation associates with cancer cachexia: roles of liver and gut microbiome.
2021Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Transketolase promotes colorectal cancer metastasis through regulating AKT phosphorylation.
2022Cell death & disease
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Parabacteroides distasonis ameliorates hepatic fibrosis potentially via modulating intestinal bile acid metabolism and hepatocyte pyroptosis in male mice.
2023Nature communications
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Berberine improves DSS-induced colitis in mice by modulating the fecal-bacteria-related bile acid metabolism.
2023Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Traditional Medicine Pien Tze Huang Suppresses Colorectal Tumorigenesis Through Restoring Gut Microbiota and Metabolites.
2023Gastroenterology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Farnesoid X receptor mediates macrophage-intrinsic responses to suppress colitis-induced colon cancer progression.
2024JCI insight
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Bile acids modified by the intestinal microbiota promote colorectal cancer growth by suppressing CD8+ T cell effector functions.
2024Immunity
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Traditional medicine Xianglian pill suppresses high-fat diet-related colorectal cancer via inactivating TLR4/MyD88 by remodeling gut microbiota composition and bile acid metabolism.
2024Journal of ethnopharmacology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Ginsenoside Rh4 inhibits colorectal cancer via the modulation of gut microbiota-mediated bile acid metabolism.
2025Journal of advanced research
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
The dichotomous roles of microbial-modified bile acids 7-oxo-DCA and isoDCA in intestinal tumorigenesis.
2024Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Systematic identification of secondary bile acid production genes in global microbiome.
2025mSystems
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Gut microbiota prevents small intestinal tumor formation due to bile acids in gnotobiotic mice.
2024Microbiome research reports
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
A Mechanistic Study of the Feasibility of Ursodeoxycholic Acid in the Treatment of Colon Adenocarcinoma.
2025Drug design, development and therapy
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Huang-qin decoction alleviates deoxycholic acid-induced colorectal cancer in mice by regulating gut microbiota.
2025Journal of ethnopharmacology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Tailoring a Functional Synthetic Microbial Community Alleviates Fusobacterium nucleatum-infected Colorectal Cancer via Ecological Control.
2025Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Lipid accumulation inhibition strategies alleviate Fusobacterium nucleatum-infected colorectal cancer.
2025Microbiome
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Cholecystectomy-related gut microbiota dysbiosis exacerbates colorectal tumorigenesis.
2025Nature communications
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
The Microbial Bile Acid Metabolite 3-Oxo-LCA Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Progression.
2025Cancer research
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Yanggan Yizhong decoction prevents liver metastasis from colorectal cancer by targeting myeloid-derived suppressor cells through the regulation of bile acid metabolism in the gut microbiota.
2025Frontiers in microbiology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Secondary bile acid production by gut bacteria promotes Western diet-associated colorectal cancer.
2025Gut
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Review supporting evidence
50 papersBiomarkers in colorectal cancer.
2001IARC scientific publications
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Diet, fecal water, and colon cancer--development of a biomarker.
2009Nutrition reviews
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bile acids: short and long term effects in the intestine.
2010Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Western diet and Western diseases: some hormonal and biochemical mechanisms and associations.
1990Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. Supplementum
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Obesity and colorectal cancer.
2013Gut
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Microbes, microbiota, and colon cancer.
2014Cell host & microbe
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The gut microbiota, bacterial metabolites and colorectal cancer.
2014Nature reviews. Microbiology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The immunomodulatory role of bile acids.
2014International archives of allergy and immunology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bile Acid Modifications at the Microbe-Host Interface: Potential for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Interventions in Host Health.
2016Annual review of food science and technology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Taurocholic acid metabolism by gut microbes and colon cancer.
2016Gut microbes
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Diet, microorganisms and their metabolites, and colon cancer.
2016Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bile acid-microbiota crosstalk in gastrointestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis.
2018Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Chronic diarrhoea following surgery for colon cancer-frequency, causes and treatment options.
2018International journal of colorectal disease
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Meta-analysis of fecal metagenomes reveals global microbial signatures that are specific for colorectal cancer.
2019Nature medicine
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Intrabiliary metastases in colorectal cancer: a systematic review.
2019Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The gut microbiota at the intersection of bile acids and intestinal carcinogenesis: An old story, yet mesmerizing.
2020International journal of cancer
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Diet, lipids and colon cancer.
2019International review of cell and molecular biology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Fiber, Fat, and Colorectal Cancer: New Insight into Modifiable Dietary Risk Factors.
2019Current gastroenterology reports
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The association between gut microbiota, cholesterol gallstones, and colorectal cancer.
2019Gastroenterology and hepatology from bed to bench
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Emerging therapies in primary sclerosing cholangitis: pathophysiological basis and clinical opportunities.
2020Journal of gastroenterology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Therapeutic methods of gut microbiota modification in colorectal cancer management - fecal microbiota transplantation, prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics.
2020Gut microbes
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gallstone Disease and Microbiome.
2020Microorganisms
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Dietary fat, bile acid metabolism and colorectal cancer.
2021Seminars in cancer biology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Baicalin and the liver-gut system: Pharmacological bases explaining its therapeutic effects.
2021Pharmacological research
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The role of farnesoid X receptor in metabolic diseases, and gastrointestinal and liver cancer.
2021Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Microbiome-Mediated Immune Signaling in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Support From Meta-omics Data.
2021Frontiers in cell and developmental biology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Association Between Cholecystectomy and Colorectal Cancer in the Female Gender.
2021Cureus
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiota-derived bile acids in intestinal immunity, inflammation, and tumorigenesis.
2022Cell host & microbe
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Progress in the Study of Colorectal Cancer Caused by Altered Gut Microbiota After Cholecystectomy.
2022Frontiers in endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Interactive Relationships between Intestinal Flora and Bile Acids.
2022International journal of molecular sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Cholecystectomy promotes the development of colorectal cancer by the alternation of bile acid metabolism and the gut microbiota.
2022Frontiers in medicine
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Circulating Bile Acids as Biomarkers for Disease Diagnosis and Prevention.
2023The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bile acids as carcinogens in the colon and at other sites in the gastrointestinal system.
2023Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The impact of bariatric surgery on colorectal cancer risk.
2023Surgery for obesity and related diseases : official journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Microbial Metabolite Dysbiosis and Colorectal Cancer.
2023Gut and liver
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Microbial metabolites in colorectal tumorigenesis and cancer therapy.
2023Gut microbes
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Role of the Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites in Tumorigenesis or Development of Colorectal Cancer.
2023Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiome-metabolites axis: A friend or foe to colorectal cancer progression.
2024Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbial metabolites: Shaping future diagnosis and treatment against gastrointestinal cancer.
2024Pharmacological research
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bile acid metabolism and signalling in liver disease.
2025Journal of hepatology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Taurine and Its Association With Colorectal Carcinoma.
2024Cancer medicine
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbiota and Colorectal Cancer: A Balance Between Risk and Protection.
2025International journal of molecular sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The intestinal functions of PXR and CAR.
2025Pharmacological research
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Intestinal dysbiosis and colorectal cancer.
2025Chinese medical journal
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Colorectal Cancer Mitigation Through Probiotics: Current Evidence and Future Directions.
2025Current microbiology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Impact of Cholecystectomy on Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Comprehensive Review on Risk Factors and the Association.
2025Current gastroenterology reports
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Role of Gut Microbiome in Oncogenesis and Oncotherapies.
2025Cancers
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Obesity, Bariatric Surgery, and Cancer Risk: Nutritional Perspectives and Long-Term Clinical Implications.
2026Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Berberine-gut microbiota interactions based on CiteSpace: current research status and hotspots.
2026Frontiers in microbiology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
A meta-analysis of cholecystectomy and risk of colorectal cancer.
1993Gastroenterology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.