preclinical_heavy
Preclinical evidence exceeds central human evidence. Interpret translational relevance cautiously.
supportedtophigh inflation risk
Bifidobacterium
type 2 diabetes
Bifidobacterium has meaningful literature visibility in type 2 diabetes, but the current evidence mix suggests a substantial risk of overclaiming.
Bifidobacterium shows a moderate evidence base in type 2 diabetes, with multiple central papers and additional supporting literature.
bifidobacterium
Credibility score
55
Human translation
2/5
Reproducibility
5/5
Novelty
2/5
Actionability
3/5
Credibility 55Human translation 2/5Reproducibility 5/5Novelty 2/5Actionability 3/5
Why this scores the way it does
- moderate central evidence base
- dense review literature
- substantial preclinical support
Main caveats
- preclinical evidence outweighs human evidence
Internal review flags
2 flagsreview_heavy
Review literature is very dense relative to primary central evidence.
Primary central evidence
12 papersMicrobiota engraftment after faecal microbiota transplantation in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, double-blind, randomised controlled trial.
2022Gut
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Combined berberine and probiotic treatment as an effective regimen for improving postprandial hyperlipidemia in type 2 diabetes patients: a double blinded placebo controlled randomized study.
2022Gut microbes
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Health improvements of type 2 diabetic patients through diet and diet plus fecal microbiota transplantation.
2022Scientific reports
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut microbiota mediate melatonin signalling in association with type 2 diabetes.
2022Diabetologia
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Metagenomic shotgun sequencing and metabolomic profiling identify specific human gut microbiota associated with diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
2022Frontiers in immunology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut Microbiota and Bile Acids Mediate the Clinical Benefits of YH1 in Male Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Pilot Observational Study.
2022Pharmaceutics
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
High-fiber diet ameliorates gut microbiota, serum metabolism and emotional mood in type 2 diabetes patients.
2023Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut microbiota in patients with COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes: A culture-based method.
2023Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Jiang-Tang-San-Huang pill alleviates type 2 diabetes mellitus through modulating the gut microbiota and bile acids metabolism.
2023Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Oral administration of Bifidobacterium longum WHH2270 ameliorates type 2 diabetes in rats.
2023Journal of food science
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Fecal microbiome analysis in patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
2025PeerJ
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Efficacy of probiotics (Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease complicated by constipation: An exploratory, multicenter, open-label, single-arm study (BIRDIE study).
2026Journal of diabetes investigation
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Supporting primary evidence
1 papersAssociation between gut microbiota and ultra-processed foods consumption among the patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study.
2024Nutrition & metabolism
Human primary paper with plausible association relevance to the disease context.
Preclinical supporting evidence
15 papersChanges in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice.
2008Diabetes
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Response of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes to hypoglycemic agents.
2019Endocrine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Improvements to postprandial glucose control in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a multicenter, double blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial of a novel probiotic formulation.
2020BMJ open diabetes research & care
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Host and gut microbial tryptophan metabolism and type 2 diabetes: an integrative analysis of host genetics, diet, gut microbiome and circulating metabolites in cohort studies.
2022Gut
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Modulation of Gut Microbiota Metabolism in Obesity-Related Type 2 Diabetes Reduces Osteomyelitis Severity.
2022Microbiology spectrum
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Bifidobacterium adolescentis Is Effective in Relieving Type 2 Diabetes and May Be Related to Its Dominant Core Genome and Gut Microbiota Modulation Capacity.
2022Nutrients
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Metformin with Versus without Concomitant Probiotic Therapy in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Type 2 Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Comparative Analysis in Relation to Glycemic Control, Gastrointestinal Side Effects, and Treatment Compliance.
2022The Turkish journal of gastroenterology : the official journal of Turkish Society of Gastroenterology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Influence of Bifidobacterium breve on the Glycaemic Control, Lipid Profile and Microbiome of Type 2 Diabetic Subjects: A Preliminary Randomized Clinical Trial.
2023Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Effects of Bifidobacterium BL21 and Lacticaseibacillus LRa05 on gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes mellitus mice.
2023AMB Express
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Variant of the lactase LCT gene explains association between milk intake and incident type 2 diabetes.
2024Nature metabolism
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Effects of synbiotics surpass probiotics alone in improving type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
2025Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
A microbial amino-acid-conjugated bile acid, tryptophan-cholic acid, improves glucose homeostasis via the orphan receptor MRGPRE.
2025Cell
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Mulberry leaf improves type 2 diabetes in mice via gut microbiota-SCFAs-GPRs axis and AMPK signaling pathway.
2025Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Intrinsic chicory root fibers modulate colonic microbial butyrate-producing pathways and improve insulin sensitivity in individuals with obesity.
2025Cell reports. Medicine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis TISTR 2591 Improves Glycemic Control and Immune Response in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Clinical Trial.
2025Nutrients
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Review supporting evidence
21 papersGut microbiota and probiotics: Focus on diabetes mellitus.
2017Critical reviews in food science and nutrition
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Probiotic strains and mechanistic insights for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
2017Endocrine
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Yogurt and other fermented foods as sources of health-promoting bacteria.
2018Nutrition reviews
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics.
2019Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Probiotics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: A review of randomized controlled trials.
2020Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Role of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology.
2020EBioMedicine
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Role of Dietary Fibre in Modulating Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.
2020Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Human microbiome and metabolic health: An overview of systematic reviews.
2022Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Pharmacomicrobiomics in Western Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine in Type 2 Diabetes.
2022Frontiers in endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The human gut microbiota and glucose metabolism: a scoping review of key bacteria and the potential role of SCFAs.
2022The American journal of clinical nutrition
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Can probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic supplementation modulate the gut-liver axis in type 2 diabetes? A narrative and systematic review of clinical trials.
2022Frontiers in nutrition
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The effects of probiotics supplementation on glycaemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials.
2023Journal of translational medicine
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut-targeted therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review.
2024World journal of clinical cases
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbes in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Associated Comorbidities; Type 2 Diabetes, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), and the Potential of Microbial Therapeutics.
2024Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Understanding how pre- and probiotics affect the gut microbiome and metabolic health.
2024American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Exploration of the Muribaculaceae Family in the Gut Microbiota: Diversity, Metabolism, and Function.
2024Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Polysaccharides in Medicinal and Food Homologous Plants regulate intestinal flora to improve type 2 diabetes: Systematic review.
2024Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus via the Regulation of Gut Microbiota: A Chinese Medicine Perspective.
2024Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
A systematic review on gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2024Frontiers in endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbiota Modulation in Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Risk: A Systematic Review.
2025Cureus
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Interplay Between GLP-1-Based Therapies, the Gut Microbiome, and MASLD/MASH in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review.
2026Biomedicines
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.