Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin gene sequences in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
2000Emerging infectious diseases
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
fulltoplow inflation risk
Bacteroides fragilis
inflammatory bowel disease
Bacteroides fragilis looks like a credible signal in inflammatory bowel disease, though some caution is still warranted.
Bacteroides fragilis shows a strong literature footprint in inflammatory bowel disease, with substantial central evidence and broader supporting literature.
bacteroides_fragilis
Credibility score
86
Human translation
3/5
Reproducibility
5/5
Novelty
1/5
Actionability
5/5
Credibility 86Human translation 3/5Reproducibility 5/5Novelty 1/5Actionability 5/5
Why this scores the way it does
- strong central evidence base
- dense review literature
- substantial preclinical support
Main caveats
- retrieval noise or disease-specificity issues may remain
Primary central evidence
26 papersGenotyping of Bacteroides fragilis isolates from stool specimens by arbitrarily-primed-PCR.
2000Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Spatial organization and composition of the mucosal flora in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
2005Journal of clinical microbiology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis.
2008Current infectious disease reports
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Fecal Microbiota in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Its Relation to Inflammation.
2015The American journal of gastroenterology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Fecal detection of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis.
2015European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Dog and human inflammatory bowel disease rely on overlapping yet distinct dysbiosis networks.
2016Nature microbiology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Noninvasive Imaging of Colitis Using Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography.
2017Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Expansion of Bacteriophages Is Linked to Aggravated Intestinal Inflammation and Colitis.
2019Cell host & microbe
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Bacteroides-Derived Sphingolipids Are Critical for Maintaining Intestinal Homeostasis and Symbiosis.
2019Cell host & microbe
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Correlation of diet, microbiota and metabolite networks in inflammatory bowel disease.
2019Journal of digestive diseases
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis: A Possible Etiological Candidate for Bacterially-Induced Colorectal Precancerous and Cancerous Lesions.
2019Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Effects of soy milk consumption on gut microbiota, inflammatory markers, and disease severity in patients with ulcerative colitis: a study protocol for a randomized clinical trial.
2020Trials
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Enterotoxigenic Bacteroidesfragilis Promotes Intestinal Inflammation and Malignancy by Inhibiting Exosome-Packaged miR-149-3p.
2021Gastroenterology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Multi-omics analyses of the ulcerative colitis gut microbiome link Bacteroides vulgatus proteases with disease severity.
2022Nature microbiology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Show IgG Immune Responses Towards Specific Intestinal Bacterial Genera.
2022Frontiers in immunology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Screening and epitope characterization of diagnostic nanobody against total and activated Bacteroides fragilis toxin.
2023Frontiers in immunology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Diarrheal-associated gut dysbiosis in cancer and inflammatory bowel disease patients is exacerbated by Clostridioides difficile infection.
2023Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Inflammatory bowel disease biomarkers revealed by the human gut microbiome network.
2023Scientific reports
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Comparative analysis of dominant gut microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients and healthy individuals: A case-control study.
2025New microbes and new infections
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Bacteroides fragilis Toxin Suppresses METTL3-Mediated m6A Modification in Macrophage to Promote Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
2025Journal of Crohn's & colitis
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Human colitis-associated colorectal carcinoma progression is accompanied by dysbiosis with enriched pathobionts.
2025Gut microbes
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Multi-omics integration reveals functional signatures of gut microbiome in atherosclerosis.
2025Gut microbes
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Decoding IBD progression: a dynamic biomarker atlas for personalized disease stratification.
2025Journal of translational medicine
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Detection of tissue colonizing bacteria and their association with clinicopathological and molecular features of inflammatory bowel disease.
2025Journal of translational medicine
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Serum antibodies to Bacteroides species in chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
1983Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Supporting primary evidence
1 papersPromoter orientation of the immunomodulatory Bacteroides fragilis capsular polysaccharide A (PSA) is off in individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
2019Gut microbes
Human primary paper with plausible association relevance to the disease context.
Preclinical supporting evidence
26 papersAre Helicobacter species and enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis involved in inflammatory bowel disease?
2004Digestive diseases and sciences
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Human colonic mucus is a reservoir for antimicrobial peptides.
2013Journal of Crohn's & colitis
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome.
2014Nature
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Anti-food and anti-microbial IgG subclass antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease.
2016Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Indoleacrylic Acid Produced by Commensal Peptostreptococcus Species Suppresses Inflammation.
2017Cell host & microbe
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Detection of B. fragilis group and diversity of bft enterotoxin and antibiotic resistance markers cepA, cfiA and nim among intestinal Bacteroides fragilis strains in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
2018Anaerobe
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Immunomodulatory Effect of Gut Microbiota-Derived Bioactive Peptides on Human Immune System from Healthy Controls and Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
2019Nutrients
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) Alleviates Experimental Colitis in Mice by Gut Microbiota Regulation.
2020Journal of microbiology and biotechnology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Luteolin alleviates inflammation and modulates gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis rats.
2021Life sciences
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Icariin Inhibits Intestinal Inflammation of DSS-Induced Colitis Mice Through Modulating Intestinal Flora Abundance and Modulating p-p65/p65 Molecule.
2021The Turkish journal of gastroenterology : the official journal of Turkish Society of Gastroenterology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Discovery of bioactive microbial gene products in inflammatory bowel disease.
2022Nature
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Development and Clinical Application of a Multilocus Sequence Typing Scheme for Bacteroides fragilis Based on Whole-Genome Sequencing Data.
2023Microbiology spectrum
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides faecis and Roseburia intestinalis attenuate clinical symptoms of experimental colitis by regulating Treg/Th17 cell balance and intestinal barrier integrity.
2023Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Genome-scale metabolic modeling of the human gut bacterium Bacteroides fragilis strain 638R.
2023PLoS computational biology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Porphyromonas gingivalis aggravates colitis via a gut microbiota-linoleic acid metabolism-Th17/Treg cell balance axis.
2024Nature communications
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Bacterial Sphingolipids Exacerbate Colitis by Inhibiting ILC3-derived IL-22 Production.
2024Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Bacteroides uniformis degrades β-glucan to promote Lactobacillus johnsonii improving indole-3-lactic acid levels in alleviating colitis.
2024Microbiome
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Vinegar-processed Schisandra Chinensis enhanced therapeutic effects on colitis-induced depression through tryptophan metabolism.
2024Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
A highly conserved SusCD transporter determines the import and species-specific antagonism of Bacteroides ubiquitin homologues.
2024Nature communications
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Galactooligosaccharides and Limosilactobacillus reuteri synergistically alleviate gut inflammation and barrier dysfunction by enriching Bacteroides acidifaciens for pentadecanoic acid biosynthesis.
2024Nature communications
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Bacterial and host fucosylation maintain IgA homeostasis to limit intestinal inflammation in mice.
2025Nature microbiology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
The inflammatory bowel disease and gut microbiome are restored by employing metformin-loaded alginate-shelled microcapsules.
2025Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Polysaccharides from Cistanche deserticola mitigate inflammatory bowel disease via modulating intestinal microbiota and SRC/EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.
2025International journal of biological macromolecules
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Bacteroides Fragilis-Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles Deliver MiR-5119 and Alleviate Colitis by Targeting PD-L1 to Inhibit GSDMD-Mediated Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation.
2025Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
A Bacteroides fragilis protease activates host PAR2 to induce intestinal pain and inflammation.
2025Cell host & microbe
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Akkermansia muciniphila-derived extracellular vesicles alleviate colitis-related cognitive impairment via tryptophan metabolic reprogramming of the gut‒brain axis.
2026Gut microbes
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Review supporting evidence
15 papersEnterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis: a rogue among symbiotes.
2009Clinical microbiology reviews
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The microbiota and inflammatory bowel disease: insights from animal models.
2013Anaerobe
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Relevance of commensal microbiota in the treatment and prevention of inflammatory bowel disease.
2013Inflammatory bowel diseases
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Isolation, Detection, and Characterization of Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis in Clinical Samples.
2016The open microbiology journal
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Impact of Klebsiella pneumoniae in lower gastrointestinal tract diseases.
2018Journal of digestive diseases
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Smoking and the intestinal microbiome.
2018Archives of microbiology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Bacterial biofilm in colorectal cancer: What is the real mechanism of action?
2020Microbial pathogenesis
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbiota Is a Potential Biomarker in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
2021Frontiers in nutrition
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Intestinal phages interact with bacteria and are involved in human diseases.
2022Gut microbes
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiota, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer.
2022World journal of gastroenterology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Crosstalk between microbial biofilms in the gastrointestinal tract and chronic mucosa diseases.
2023Frontiers in microbiology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Pathobionts in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Origins, Underlying Mechanisms, and Implications for Clinical Care.
2024Gastroenterology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Effects of gut microbiome and obesity on the development, progression and prevention of cancer (Review).
2024International journal of oncology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiota as a mediator of cancer development and management: From colitis to colitis-associated dysplasia and carcinoma.
2025Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Anaerobic gut bacteria and their potential role in the initiation, exacerbation, and development of human colorectal cancer: a narrative review.
2025Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.