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Alpha diversity

type 2 diabetes

Alpha diversity looks like a credible signal in type 2 diabetes, though some caution is still warranted.

Alpha diversity shows a strong literature footprint in type 2 diabetes, with substantial central evidence and broader supporting literature.

alpha_diversity
Credibility score
100
Human translation
3/5
Reproducibility
5/5
Novelty
1/5
Actionability
5/5
Credibility 100Human translation 3/5Reproducibility 5/5Novelty 1/5Actionability 5/5
Why this scores the way it does
  • strong central evidence base
  • meaningful supporting human literature
  • dense review literature
Main caveats
  • directionality and confounding still require curated review

Internal review flags

1 flags
review_heavy

Review literature is very dense relative to primary central evidence.

Primary central evidence

30 papers
Gut Microbial Diversity in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Correlates With Hyperandrogenism.
2018
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Impact of HIV and Type 2 diabetes on Gut Microbiota Diversity, Tryptophan Catabolism and Endothelial Dysfunction.
2018
Scientific reports
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Exercise Training Modulates Gut Microbiota Profile and Improves Endotoxemia.
2020
Medicine and science in sports and exercise
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Determinants of aspirin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes.
2020
Diabetes & metabolism
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Effects of synbiotic supplementation on gut microbiome, serum level of TNF-α, and expression of microRNA-126 and microRNA-146a in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: study protocol for a double-blind controlled randomized clinical trial.
2020
Trials
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Erythrocyte n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Gut Microbiota, and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study.
2020
Diabetes care
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Impact of Diabetes on the Gut and Salivary IgA Microbiomes.
2020
Infection and immunity
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
The Alteration in Composition and Function of Gut Microbiome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
2020
Journal of diabetes research
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Trans-ethnic gut microbiota signatures of type 2 diabetes in Denmark and India.
2021
Genome medicine
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
[Correlation analysis between type 2 diabetes and core gut microbiota].
2021
Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut microbiome differences among Mexican Americans with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2021
PloS one
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Evaluation of salusin-α and salusin-β levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and determination of the impact of severity of hyperglycemia on salusin levels.
2021
Irish journal of medical science
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut Microbiome Composition and Serum Metabolome Profile Among Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury and Normal Glucose Tolerance or Prediabetes/Type 2 Diabetes.
2022
Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Association of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes With Gut Microbial Diversity: A Microbiome-Wide Analysis From Population Studies.
2021
JAMA network open
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Oral Cyanobacteria and Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
2022
Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Habitual Dietary Fiber Intake, Fecal Microbiota, and Hemoglobin A1c Level in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
2022
Nutrients
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Characteristics and Clinical Significance of Intestinal Microbiota in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Cirrhosis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
2022
Journal of diabetes research
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut microbiota mediate melatonin signalling in association with type 2 diabetes.
2022
Diabetologia
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut microbiota analyses of Saudi populations for type 2 diabetes-related phenotypes reveals significant association.
2022
BMC microbiology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut Microbiota and Serum Metabolites in Individuals with Class III Obesity Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Pilot Analysis.
2023
Metabolic syndrome and related disorders
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Metagenome Investigation of Ocular Microbiota of Cataract Patients With and Without Type 2 Diabetes.
2023
Translational vision science & technology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gene expression of protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1 (PRKAA1), solute carrier family 2 member 1 (SLC2A1) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) in metformin-treated type 2 diabetes patients with COVID-19: impact on inflammation markers.
2024
Inflammopharmacology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Comparative study of type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated gut microbiota between the Dai and Han populations.
2023
World journal of diabetes
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut microbiota and metabolites exhibit different profiles after very-low-caloric restriction in patients with type 2 diabetes.
2023
Frontiers in endocrinology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Metformin Alters mRNA Expression of FOXP3, RORC, and TBX21 and Modulates Gut Microbiota in COVID-19 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
2024
Viruses
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Alterations in the Gut Microbiota Composition in Obesity with and without Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study.
2024
Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Fecal Microbiome and Urine Metabolome Profiling of Type 2 Diabetes.
2025
Journal of microbiology and biotechnology
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Intestinal Microbiota Composition in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Effects of Oral Antidiabetics.
2025
Journal of clinical medicine
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Fecal microbiome analysis in patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
2025
PeerJ
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
The Comparison of the Gut Microbiome Composition, Serum Inflammatory Markers and Faecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids Among Individuals With Type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus With Healthy Controls: A Case-Control Study.
2025
Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.

Supporting primary evidence

4 papers
Tim-3 Expression Causes NK Cell Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Patients.
2022
Frontiers in immunology
Human primary paper with plausible association relevance to the disease context.
Protein supplementation changes gut microbial diversity and derived metabolites in subjects with type 2 diabetes.
2023
iScience
Human primary paper with plausible association relevance to the disease context.
Relationship between plasma leucine-rich α-2-glycoprotein 1 and urinary albumin excretion in patients with type 2 diabetes.
2023
Frontiers in endocrinology
Human primary paper with plausible association relevance to the disease context.
Systemic and gut microbiome changes with metformin and liraglutide in youth-onset type 2 diabetes: the MIGHTY study.
2025
Gut microbes
Human primary paper with plausible association relevance to the disease context.

Preclinical supporting evidence

26 papers
Both PAX4 and MAFA are expressed in a substantial proportion of normal human pancreatic alpha cells and deregulated in patients with type 2 diabetes.
2013
PloS one
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
TNF-α and microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2014
Journal of diabetes research
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
RNA Sequencing of Single Human Islet Cells Reveals Type 2 Diabetes Genes.
2016
Cell metabolism
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Role of wnt5a in Metabolic Inflammation in Humans.
2018
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Quantification of TNF-α in Patients with Periodontitis and Type 2 Diabetes.
2019
BioMed research international
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Response of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes to hypoglycemic agents.
2019
Endocrine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Serum levels of IL-32 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its relationship with TNF-α and IL-6.
2020
Cytokine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetic patients.
2020
European journal of clinical investigation
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Serum metabolites reflecting gut microbiome alpha diversity predict type 2 diabetes.
2020
Gut microbes
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Conjunctival Microbiota in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Influences of Perioperative Use of Topical Levofloxacin in Ocular Surgery.
2021
Frontiers in medicine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Carotenoid status in type 2 diabetes patients with and without retinopathy.
2021
Food & function
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Effects of type 2 diabetes and metformin on salivary microbiota in patients with chronic periodontitis.
2021
Microbial pathogenesis
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Modulation of Gut Microbiota Metabolism in Obesity-Related Type 2 Diabetes Reduces Osteomyelitis Severity.
2022
Microbiology spectrum
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Estrogen receptor α activation modulates the gut microbiome and type 2 diabetes risk factors.
2022
Physiological reports
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-α (PPARα) Expression in a Clinical Population of Pakistani Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Dyslipidemia.
2022
International journal of molecular sciences
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Association of intestinal microbiota markers and dietary pattern in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: The Henan rural cohort study.
2022
Frontiers in public health
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Alterations of the gut microbiota in type 2 diabetics with or without subclinical hypothyroidism.
2023
PeerJ
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Metformin Therapy Changes Gut Microbiota Alpha-Diversity in COVID-19 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Antibiotic Treatment.
2023
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
TCF7L2 and FTO Polymorphisms Are Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Risk in Kuwait.
2024
Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Relationships of serum FGF23 and α-klotho with atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2024
Cardiovascular diabetology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Impact of nocturnal hypoxia on glycaemic control, appetite, gut microbiota and inflammation in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A single-blind cross-over trial.
2024
The Journal of physiology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
In-depth Microbiological Characterization of Urine From Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes.
2024
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Tangerine Peel-Derived Exosome-Like Nanovesicles Alleviate Hepatic Steatosis Induced by Type 2 Diabetes: Evidenced by Regulating Lipid Metabolism and Intestinal Microflora.
2024
International journal of nanomedicine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Salivary microbiome variations in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with different stages of periodontitis.
2024
BMC oral health
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Comparative analysis of TNF-α (-308) gene polymorphism in Turkish patients with type 2 diabetes developing nephropathy and/or neuropathy.
2024
Scientific reports
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Mulberry leaf improves type 2 diabetes in mice via gut microbiota-SCFAs-GPRs axis and AMPK signaling pathway.
2025
Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.

Review supporting evidence

30 papers
The liver in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2002
Clinics in liver disease
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in the early treatment of type 2 diabetes.
2008
Vascular health and risk management
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Pancreatic islet inflammation in type 2 diabetes: from alpha and beta cell compensation to dysfunction.
2009
Archives of physiology and biochemistry
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Noninsulin treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in geriatric patients: a review.
2011
Clinical therapeutics
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Empagliflozin and linagliptin combination therapy for treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2015
Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Factors Influencing the Gut Microbiota, Inflammation, and Type 2 Diabetes.
2017
The Journal of nutrition
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbiota in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Systematic Review.
2022
Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The contribution of gut bacterial metabolites in the human immune signaling pathway of non-communicable diseases.
2021
Gut microbes
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Irisin and Incretin Hormones: Similarities, Differences, and Implications in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity.
2021
Biomolecules
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Bacterial Characteristics of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Application Potential.
2021
Frontiers in immunology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Relationships between type 2 diabetes, cell dysfunction, and redox signaling: A meta-analysis of single-cell gene expression of human pancreatic α- and β-cells.
2022
Journal of diabetes
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Potential Implications for Clinical Practice.
2021
Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights.
2022
Gut
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbiota and Antidiabetic Drugs: Perspectives of Personalized Treatment in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
2022
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The double-edged sword of probiotic supplementation on gut microbiota structure in Helicobacter pylori management.
2022
Gut microbes
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The human gut microbiota and glucose metabolism: a scoping review of key bacteria and the potential role of SCFAs.
2022
The American journal of clinical nutrition
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Advances in multi-omics study of biomarkers of glycolipid metabolism disorder.
2022
Computational and structural biotechnology journal
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Effects of Exercise on Circulating Muscle-related Cytokines in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes and/or Obesity.
2023
Current diabetes reviews
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Black Box Orchestra of Gut Bacteria and Bile Acids: Who Is the Conductor?
2023
International journal of molecular sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Legume-Derived Bioactive Peptides in Type 2 Diabetes: Opportunities and Challenges.
2023
Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The human α cell in health and disease.
2023
The Journal of endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Early-life exposure to the Great Chinese Famine and gut microbiome disruption across adulthood for type 2 diabetes: three population-based cohort studies.
2023
BMC medicine
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Microbiome-centered therapies for the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.
2025
Clinical and molecular hepatology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Impact of Dietary Fiber on Inflammation in Humans.
2025
International journal of molecular sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Glucose Parameters, Inflammation Markers, and Gut Microbiota Changes of Gut Microbiome-Targeted Therapies in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
2025
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Systematic Review on the Importance of Gut Microbiota in the Regulation of Type 2 Diabetes Through Physical Activity and Exercise.
2025
Current issues in molecular biology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Exercise-induced modulation of gut microbiota in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
2025
Frontiers in microbiology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbiota Modulation in Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Risk: A Systematic Review.
2025
Cureus
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Mediterranean diet, gut microbiota, and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention trials.
2026
Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes associations: a meta-analysis of 16S studies and their methodological challenges.
2025
Frontiers in microbiomes
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.