preclinical_heavy
Preclinical evidence exceeds central human evidence. Interpret translational relevance cautiously.
supportedtophigh inflation risk
Akkermansia muciniphila
type 2 diabetes
Akkermansia muciniphila has meaningful literature visibility in type 2 diabetes, but the current evidence mix suggests a substantial risk of overclaiming.
Akkermansia muciniphila shows a moderate evidence base in type 2 diabetes, with multiple central papers and additional supporting literature.
akkermansia_muciniphila
Credibility score
60
Human translation
2/5
Reproducibility
5/5
Novelty
1/5
Actionability
3/5
Credibility 60Human translation 2/5Reproducibility 5/5Novelty 1/5Actionability 3/5
Why this scores the way it does
- moderate central evidence base
- dense review literature
- substantial preclinical support
Main caveats
- preclinical evidence outweighs human evidence
Internal review flags
2 flagsreview_heavy
Review literature is very dense relative to primary central evidence.
Primary central evidence
11 papersCross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity.
2013Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Sub-clinical detection of gut microbial biomarkers of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
2016Genome medicine
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
The effects of sodium butyrate and inulin supplementation on angiotensin signaling pathway via promotion of Akkermansia muciniphila abundance in type 2 diabetes; A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
2017Journal of cardiovascular and thoracic research
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Akkermansia muciniphila-derived extracellular vesicles influence gut permeability through the regulation of tight junctions.
2018Experimental & molecular medicine
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut Microbiota and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Severity in Type 2 Diabetes Patients.
2021Journal of personalized medicine
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut Microbiome Composition and Serum Metabolome Profile Among Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury and Normal Glucose Tolerance or Prediabetes/Type 2 Diabetes.
2022Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut Microbiota and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
2021Nutrients
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Health and Disease: Akkermansia muciniphila, the Shining Star of the Gut Flora.
2023Research (Washington, D.C.)
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Characterization of Fecal Microbial Communities in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Combined With Helicobacter pylori Infection.
2025Helicobacter
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
ForePass outperforms Semaglutide in weight control, glucose metabolism, and gut microbiota in swine.
2025Diabetes, obesity & metabolism
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Inhibition of IRAK4 by microbial trimethylamine blunts metabolic inflammation and ameliorates glycemic control.
2025Nature metabolism
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Preclinical supporting evidence
17 papersAkkermansia muciniphila and improved metabolic health during a dietary intervention in obesity: relationship with gut microbiome richness and ecology.
2016Gut
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurized bacterium improves metabolism in obese and diabetic mice.
2017Nature medicine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Supplementation with Akkermansia muciniphila in overweight and obese human volunteers: a proof-of-concept exploratory study.
2019Nature medicine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Healthspan and lifespan extension by fecal microbiota transplantation into progeroid mice.
2019Nature medicine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Improvements to postprandial glucose control in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a multicenter, double blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial of a novel probiotic formulation.
2020BMJ open diabetes research & care
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Toxicological safety evaluation of pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila.
2021Journal of applied toxicology : JAT
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Decreased Abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila Leads to the Impairment of Insulin Secretion and Glucose Homeostasis in Lean Type 2 Diabetes.
2021Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Novel insights into the genetically obese (ob/ob) and diabetic (db/db) mice: two sides of the same coin.
2021Microbiome
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Outer Membrane Vesicles Released from Garlic Exosome-like Nanoparticles (GaELNs) Train Gut Bacteria that Reverses Type 2 Diabetes via the Gut-Brain Axis.
2024Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Effects of Prevotella copri on insulin, gut microbiota and bile acids.
2024Gut microbes
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Molecular Mechanism of Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila in Alleviating Type 2 Diabetes Symptoms.
2024Journal of agricultural and food chemistry
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Metformin-induced changes in the gut microbiome and plasma metabolome are associated with cognition in men.
2024Metabolism: clinical and experimental
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide alleviates hepatic steatosis and modulates gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism in diabetic mice.
2025International immunopharmacology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation in patients with overweight/obese type 2 diabetes: Efficacy depends on its baseline levels in the gut.
2025Cell metabolism
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Theabrownin Alleviates Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in db/db Mice via Modulating LPS/GLP-1 Levels and Restoring Islet Cells: Evidence from Gut-Pancreas Axis.
2025Journal of agricultural and food chemistry
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Mulberry leaf improves type 2 diabetes in mice via gut microbiota-SCFAs-GPRs axis and AMPK signaling pathway.
2025Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Dietary Selenium Deficiency Accelerates the Onset of Aging-Related Gut Microbial Changes in Aged Telomere-Humanized Mice, With Akkermansia muciniphila Being the Most Prominent and Alleviating Selenium Deficiency-Induced Type 2 Diabetes.
2025Aging cell
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Review supporting evidence
31 papersMicrobiota and diabetes: an evolving relationship.
2014Gut
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Metformin and gut microbiota: their interactions and their impact on diabetes.
2019Hormones (Athens, Greece)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Human Obesity: Impact of Bariatric Surgery.
2019Current obesity reports
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Dietary Factors and Modulation of Bacteria Strains of Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii: A Systematic Review.
2019Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Role of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology.
2020EBioMedicine
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Effects of Metformin on the Gut Microbiota in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
2020Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Recognizing the Benefits of Pre-/Probiotics in Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Considering the Influence of Akkermansia muciniphila as a Key Gut Bacterium.
2021Microorganisms
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Akkermansia muciniphila and host interaction within the intestinal tract.
2021Anaerobe
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Human microbiome and metabolic health: An overview of systematic reviews.
2022Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Akkermansia muciniphila as a novel powerful bacterial player in the treatment of metabolic disorders.
2022Minerva endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights.
2022Gut
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiota and physical exercise in obesity and diabetes - A systematic review.
2022Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Pharmacomicrobiomics in Western Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine in Type 2 Diabetes.
2022Frontiers in endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Review of Literature on Akkermansia muciniphila and its Possible Role in the Etiopathogenesis and Therapy of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
2022Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The human gut microbiota and glucose metabolism: a scoping review of key bacteria and the potential role of SCFAs.
2022The American journal of clinical nutrition
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbiota Composition in Prediabetes and Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies.
2022Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiota interactions with anti-diabetic medications and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2022World journal of methodology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Function of Akkermansia muciniphila in type 2 diabetes and related diseases.
2023Frontiers in microbiology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Probiotics for pancreatic β-cell function: from possible mechanism of action to assessment of effectiveness.
2024Critical reviews in microbiology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbes in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Associated Comorbidities; Type 2 Diabetes, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), and the Potential of Microbial Therapeutics.
2024Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Akkermansia muciniphila: A promising probiotic against inflammation and metabolic disorders.
2024Virulence
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Polysaccharides in Medicinal and Food Homologous Plants regulate intestinal flora to improve type 2 diabetes: Systematic review.
2024Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Akkermansia muciniphila for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity: A Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies.
2024Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus via the Regulation of Gut Microbiota: A Chinese Medicine Perspective.
2024Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
A systematic review on gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2024Frontiers in endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Detrimental Impact of Ultra-Processed Foods on the Human Gut Microbiome and Gut Barrier.
2025Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Diabetes and Bone Health: A Comprehensive Review of Impacts and Mechanisms.
2025Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Akkermansia muciniphila: A key player in gut microbiota-based disease modulation.
2025Microbiological research
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbiota-Directed Interventions in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes and Complication Risk.
2025Cureus
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut microbiota modulation in GLP-1RA and SGLT-2i therapy: clinical implications and mechanistic insights in type 2 diabetes.
2025Clinical kidney journal
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Intermittent Fasting and Probiotics for Gut Microbiota Modulation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review.
2025Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.