preclinical_heavy
Preclinical evidence exceeds central human evidence. Interpret translational relevance cautiously.
fulltophigh inflation risk
Acetate production
obesity
Acetate production has meaningful literature visibility in obesity, but the current evidence mix suggests a substantial risk of overclaiming.
Acetate production shows a strong literature footprint in obesity, with substantial central evidence and broader supporting literature.
acetate_production
Credibility score
70
Human translation
2/5
Reproducibility
5/5
Novelty
1/5
Actionability
4/5
Credibility 70Human translation 2/5Reproducibility 5/5Novelty 1/5Actionability 4/5
Why this scores the way it does
- strong central evidence base
- meaningful supporting human literature
- dense review literature
Main caveats
- preclinical evidence outweighs human evidence
- retrieval noise or disease-specificity issues may remain
Internal review flags
2 flagsreview_heavy
Review literature is very dense relative to primary central evidence.
Primary central evidence
16 papersLeptin modulates human Sertoli cells acetate production and glycolytic profile: a novel mechanism of obesity-induced male infertility?
2015Biochimica et biophysica acta
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Colonic acetate in obesity: location matters!
2016Clinical science (London, England : 1979)
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Body mass index is associated with region-dependent metabolic reprogramming of adipose tissue.
2017BBA clinical
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Intermittent Fasting Promotes White Adipose Browning and Decreases Obesity by Shaping the Gut Microbiota.
2017Cell metabolism
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Plasma acetate levels in response to intravenous fat or glucose/insulin infusions in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects.
1988Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
The effects of increased acetate turnover on glucose-induced insulin secretion in lean and obese humans.
2019Journal of clinical and translational science
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Obesity-Related Metabolome and Gut Microbiota Profiles of Juvenile Göttingen Minipigs-Long-Term Intake of Fructose and Resistant Starch.
2020Metabolites
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Metformin Affects Gut Microbiome Composition and Function and Circulating Short-Chain Fatty Acids: A Randomized Trial.
2021Diabetes care
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Visceral Adipose Tissue Displays Unique Metabolomic Fingerprints in Obesity, Pre-Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes.
2021International journal of molecular sciences
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
A Citrus Fruit Extract High in Polyphenols Beneficially Modulates the Gut Microbiota of Healthy Human Volunteers in a Validated In Vitro Model of the Colon.
2021Nutrients
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Fiber mixture-specific effect on distal colonic fermentation and metabolic health in lean but not in prediabetic men.
2022Gut microbes
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut microbiota induces DNA methylation via SCFAs predisposing obesity-prone individuals to diabetes.
2022Pharmacological research
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
miR-21-5p promotes NASH-related hepatocarcinogenesis.
2023Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Effects of Bifidobacterium breve 207-1 on regulating lifestyle behaviors and mental wellness in healthy adults based on the microbiome-gut-brain axis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
2024European journal of nutrition
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Lactobacillus plantarum NCHBL-004 modulates high-fat diet-induced weight gain and enhances GLP-1 production for blood glucose regulation.
2024Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Gut microbiota from osteoarthritic patients without obesity aggravates osteoarthritis progression in rats by enriching acetic acid.
2025Microbial pathogenesis
Direct disease-relevant human paper with strong clinical, biomarker, or mechanistic framing.
Supporting primary evidence
2 papersVinegar intake reduces body weight, body fat mass, and serum triglyceride levels in obese Japanese subjects.
2009Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry
Human primary paper with plausible association relevance to the disease context.
Acetate mediates a microbiome-brain-β-cell axis to promote metabolic syndrome.
2016Nature
Human primary paper with plausible association relevance to the disease context.
Preclinical supporting evidence
22 papersColonic fermentation from lactulose inhibits lipolysis in overweight subjects.
2005American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Solid-phase microextraction method for carbon isotopic analysis of volatile carboxylic acids in human plasma by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
2006Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Dietary Modulation of Gut Microbiota Contributes to Alleviation of Both Genetic and Simple Obesity in Children.
2015EBioMedicine
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Ghrelin acts as energy status sensor of male reproduction by modulating Sertoli cells glycolytic metabolism and mitochondrial bioenergetics.
2016Molecular and cellular endocrinology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Impact of difructose anhydride III, raffinose, and fructooligosaccharides on energy intake, gut hormones, and cecal fermentation in rats fed a high-fat and high-sucrose diet.
2017Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Dietary fructose feeds hepatic lipogenesis via microbiota-derived acetate.
2020Nature
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
snRNA-seq reveals a subpopulation of adipocytes that regulates thermogenesis.
2020Nature
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Dietary betaine prevents obesity through gut microbiota-drived microRNA-378a family.
2021Gut microbes
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Auto-aggressive CXCR6+ CD8 T cells cause liver immune pathology in NASH.
2021Nature
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Colonic Fermentation and Acetate Production in Youth with and without Obesity.
2021The Journal of nutrition
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Cooperative action of gut-microbiota-accessible carbohydrates improves host metabolic function.
2022Cell reports
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Oral administration of Blautia wexlerae ameliorates obesity and type 2 diabetes via metabolic remodeling of the gut microbiota.
2022Nature communications
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Podocytes from hypertensive and obese mice acquire an inflammatory, senescent, and aged phenotype.
2024American journal of physiology. Renal physiology
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Prebiotics modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis and ameliorate anxiety and depression-like behavior in HFD-fed mice.
2024Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Daily Vinegar Ingestion Improves Depression and Enhances Niacin Metabolism in Overweight Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
2024Nutrients
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
PTER is a N-acetyltaurine hydrolase that regulates feeding and obesity.
2024Nature
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
The microbiota-dependent tryptophan metabolite alleviates high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance through the hepatic AhR/TSC2/mTORC1 axis.
2024Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Acetylated cellulose suppresses body mass gain through gut commensals consuming host-accessible carbohydrates.
2025Cell metabolism
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Postbiotic potential of SCFAs on metaflammation and gut microbiota alteration in diabetes.
2025Journal of biosciences
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
High-fat diet impairs microbial metabolite production and aggravates influenza A infection.
2025Cell communication and signaling : CCS
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Oral Supplementation of Indole-3-acetic Acid Alleviates High-Fat-Induced Obesity by Activating the Gpha2-Mediated Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Pathway.
2025Journal of agricultural and food chemistry
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Modulation of gut microbiota by tangerine peel polysaccharide: A promising strategy for obesity management via acetic acid production.
2026Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)
Disease-relevant preclinical or model-based paper useful as supporting evidence.
Review supporting evidence
26 papersContraceptive considerations in overweight teens.
2011Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Hormonal contraceptives for contraception in overweight or obese women.
2013The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Biological significance of short-chain fatty acid metabolism by the intestinal microbiome.
2014Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Short-chain fatty acids in control of body weight and insulin sensitivity.
2015Nature reviews. Endocrinology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
ADIPOSITY-RELATED CANCER AND FUNCTIONAL IMAGING OF BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE.
2015Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The neuropharmacology of butyrate: The bread and butter of the microbiota-gut-brain axis?
2016Neurochemistry international
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Hormonal contraceptives for contraception in overweight or obese women.
2016The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Depo-Provera (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate) use after bariatric surgery.
2016Open access journal of contraception
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Thyroid hormone metabolites and analogues.
2019Endocrine
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Short-Chain Fatty Acid Acetate in Body Weight Control and Insulin Sensitivity.
2019Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Imaging Metabolically Active Fat: A Literature Review and Mechanistic Insights.
2019International journal of molecular sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Short chain fatty acids in human gut and metabolic health.
2020Beneficial microbes
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Role of Dietary Fibre in Modulating Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.
2020Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The Protective Role of Butyrate against Obesity and Obesity-Related Diseases.
2021Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Hormones in Health and Obesity: The Upcoming Role of Short Chain Fatty Acids.
2021Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Maternal Microbiota and Metabolism in Pregnancy.
2021Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
The effect of apple cider vinegar on lipid profiles and glycemic parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
2021BMC complementary medicine and therapies
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Gut Microbiota and Short Chain Fatty Acids: Implications in Glucose Homeostasis.
2022International journal of molecular sciences
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
A Review of Population Pharmacokinetic Analyses of Linezolid.
2022Clinical pharmacokinetics
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Associations between sleep, obesity, and asthma in urban minority children.
2022Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Elucidation of Prebiotics, Probiotics, Postbiotics, and Target from Gut Microbiota to Alleviate Obesity via Network Pharmacology Study.
2022Cells
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Linezolid pharmacokinetics: a systematic review for the best clinical practice.
2023European journal of clinical pharmacology
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Fecal microbiota transplantation in obesity metabolism: A meta analysis and systematic review.
2023Diabetes research and clinical practice
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Exploration of gut microbiome and inflammation: A review on key signalling pathways.
2024Cellular signalling
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Angiogenesis, a key point in the association of gut microbiota and its metabolites with disease.
2024European journal of medical research
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.
Effect of Apple Cider Vinegar Intake on Body Composition in Humans with Type 2 Diabetes and/or Overweight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
2025Nutrients
Relevant review or meta-analysis for the signal-disease area.